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Biology 1&2 > cell structure + function > Flashcards

cell structure + function Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • Kingdoms Eubacteria & Archaeobacteria
  • Simple cells
  • No membrane bound organelles (including a nucleus)
  • Circular chromosome
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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Animals & Plants
    Complex cells
  • Have membrane bound organelles & a membrane bound nucleus
  • Linear chromosomes in a nucleus
  • All contain mitochondria, some have chloroplasts
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA.
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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

the layer of membrane forming the outer layer of the cell

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4
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

the layer of membrane separating nucleus from rest of cell

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5
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

material inside nuclear membrane

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6
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything in between the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane (cytosol and organelles

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7
Q

cytosol

A

liquid part of the cytoplasm

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8
Q

vesicle

A

a bubble of membrane used for the transport of materials and sometimes for temporary storage

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9
Q

mitochondria

A
  • The site of aerobic cellular respiration
  • Provides energy to the cell in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
  • Double membrane organelle
  • Inner membrane has folds called cristae
  • Inner spaces are fluid filled and are called matrix.
  • Contain their own circular DNA & ribosomes
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10
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • Found in some plant and protist cells
    -Responsible for photosynthesis
  • Double membrane organelles
  • Internal structure consists of stacks of membranes called grana (granum)
  • Each individual membrane in a stack is called a thylakoid
  • Grana are joined by lamellae (lamella)
  • Fluid called stroma fills any empty spaces
  • Contain their own DNA & ribosomes
  • Contain chlorophyll
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11
Q

ribosomes

A
  • found in both prokaryotes & eukaryotes
  • Ribosomes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are chemically similar to bacterial ribosomes.
  • made of RNA and do not have a membrane
  • found in cytosol or on ER
    -responsible for constructing proteins from amino acids
    -body can make mot amino acids
    -needs 20 from diet
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12
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • Transports materials around cell
  • Rough ER studded with ribosomes, modify and transports proteins
  • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes but do sometimes transport proteins
  • Smooth ER; synthesis & transport of lipids, including steroid hormones
  • Some substances are transported from the ER to the Golgi Apparatus in vesicles
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13
Q

Golgi apparatus/body/complex

A
  • System of flattened sacks of membrane, called cisternae (cisterna)
  • Responsible for final modification of proteins
  • Packages materials to be secreted into vesicles
  • Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents (secrete) outside of the cell by exocytosis (more about this later).
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14
Q

Vacuole

A
  • Sacks of membrane used to store materials inside cells
  • in animals are small, many and usually temporary
  • in plants are large, permanent and there is usually only one of them.
  • Plant vacuoles are used to store water and water soluble substances such as proteins and minerals
  • When plant vacuoles fill with water they push the cytoplasm hard up against the membrane
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15
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Double membrane organelles
  • Contain digestive enzymes
  • Only found in animal cells
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16
Q

Plastids

A
  • responsible for containing, & synthesizing, coloured pigments
  • Include leucoplasts (white) which are primarily responsible for starch storage, along with some protein or fat
  • Chromoplasts which give flowers their colour, contain yellow, orange or red pigments
  • Chloroplasts, responsible for photosynthesis, contain green chlorophyll
17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • structure of fibres made of microtubules and microfilaments which gives the cell shape and form
  • Microtubules are made of a protein called tubulin
  • Microtubules form the spindle during cell division and the centrioles of animal cells
  • Microtubules also form the cilia and flagella that allow some cells to move
  • Microfilaments are made of actin
  • Actin is stretchy. It allows muscle cells to contract
  • Allows movement of organelles inside the cell; including cytoplasmic streaming.
18
Q

Cell wall

A
  • Plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protists have cell walls
  • Fungal cell walls are made of chitin
  • Bacterial cell walls are made of murein (a peptidoglycan)
  • Plant cell walls are made of cellulose.
  • Cell walls of protists are very varied in chemistry.
  • Cell walls provide support and stop cells expanding too much.
19
Q

Compartmentalisation

A

Many of the organelles in cells form compartments
Conditions in different compartments can be different in pH, concentration and chemical make up.
Advantages of compartmentalisation:
- Enzymes and reactants can be close together and in the ideal conditions
- Different processes which require different conditions can all take place at the same time in the cell
- The cell is more able to withstand environmental changes

20
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A
  • limit on how large cells can be.
  • If cells get too large exchange of materials becomes too slow for life
  • Size is limited by the rate of diffusion
  • Volume increases faster than surface area.
21
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • described by the Fluid Mosaic Model
  • phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol.
22
Q

phospholipids

A
  • consist of a phosphate head and fatty acid tail
    The phosphate head is hydrophilic (water loving)
  • fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (water hating)
  • Hydrophilic = lipophobic
  • Hydrophobic = lipophilic
23
Q

protein channels

A
  • fixed in the membrane
  • a ‘pipe’ through which materials can travel between the interstitial fluids and the cytosol
  • Molecules do not attach to the channel, they move through the middle
  • Carry ions and other water-soluble materials
24
Q

carrier proteins

A
  • can flip so materials can be collected on one side of the membrane and be released on the other.
  • Molecules to be carried attached to the protein for carriage
  • Transport both water-soluble and lipid-soluble molecules
25
Q

receptors

A
  • docking stations for signaling molecules like neurotransmitters and hormones
  • Some are attached to protein channels where the signaling molecule makes the channel open or close
26
Q

cholesterol

A
  • prevents phospholipids from packing together too closely.
  • maintains fluidity.
  • role of the cholesterol is closely linked to temperature.
  • At high temp: it stops the membrane from becoming too fluid as it restricts the lateral movement of the molecules.
  • At low temp: it prevents membranes from freezing as it stops the molecules packing too tightly
27
Q

crossing the membrane

A

plasma membrane = partially/selectively/differentially permeable.
Substances cross the membrane by:
- Diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Active transport
- Endo/exocytosis (bulk transport)

28
Q

diffusion

A
  • movement of molecules from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  • Lipid soluble and small uncharged molecules cross the membrane by simple diffusion
  • Water is a solvent it does NOT have a concentration
29
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution

30
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • Moves molecules down concentration gradients
  • Uses carrier molecules or protein channels
  • Large molecules, polar molecules & some ions
  • Glucose enters cells through facilitated diffusion using a carrier protein
31
Q

Active transport

A
  • Moves substances against the concentration gradient
  • Requires energy
  • Uses protein channels and carrier proteins
  • Results in the movement of large & charged atoms, ions and molecules
32
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • movement of substances into a cell through the formation of vesicles
  • Requires energy
    Pinocytosis – intake of liquids
    Phagocytosis – intake of solids
33
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • movement of substances out of a cell
  • formation of vesicles which fuse with the plasma membrane
  • Requires energy

Biology 1&2 (3 decks)

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