Cell structure + Diversity

Question 1

the 3 domains of life

Answer 1

bacteria
archaea (single-celled prokaryotic)
eukarya

Question 2

dna location of eukaryotic cell vs prokaryotic cell

Answer 2

eukaryotic - nucleus (double membrane)
prokaryotic - nucleoid (no membrane)

Question 3

endosymbiosis theory

Answer 3

mitochondria derived from proteobacteria and chloroplasts from cynobacteria - these bacteria were engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotes and tamed
- mitochondria first

Question 4

what are the building blocks

Answer 4

amino acids
nucleobases
simple carbohydrates
glycerol, fatty acids, hydrocarbon rings

Question 5

macromolecules

Answer 5

made by building blocks
proteins
DNA/RNA
complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
lipids (non-polymeric)

Question 6

supramolecular assemblies

Answer 6

membranes
ribosomes
chromatin

Question 7

organelles

Answer 7

nucleus
mitochondria
golgi
ER

Question 8

4 levels of carbs

Answer 8

simple:
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides

complex:
- oligosaccharides
- polysaccharides

Question 9

simple carbs

Answer 9

monosaccharides - hexose (6) + pentose (5)
disaccharides - 2 monosaccharides

Question 10

complex carbs

Answer 10

oligosaccharides - approx 10
polysaccharides - >10

Question 11

plant carbs

Answer 11

amylose
amylopectin
cellulose (fibre)

Question 12

animal carb

Answer 12

glycogen

Question 13

function of carbs (3)

Answer 13

1. recognition
2. energy
3. structure

Question 14

functions of lipids (3)

Answer 14

1. structural - cholesterol + phospholipids
2. regulatory - hormones
3. energy

Question 15

what does cholesterol do

Answer 15

stabilise membrane fluidity

Question 16

membrane protein functions (5)

Answer 16

1. signal transduction
2. cell recognition
3. intercellular joining
4. linking cytoskeleton + ECM
5. membrane transport (passive/active)

Question 17

what is unique to animal cells

Answer 17

lysosomes

Question 18

what is unique to plant cells

Answer 18

central vacuole + chloroplasts

Question 19

what are the common organelles in animal and plant cells (3)

Answer 19

ER
nucleus
golgi apparatus
mitochondrion

Question 20

how to move proteins out of cell (3)

Answer 20

1. synthesis in ER
2. tag + package in golgi apparatus
3. deliver via vesicles

Question 21

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

metabolism of carbs
lipid synthesis for membranes
detox of drugs + poisons
storing Ca+
amount of sER depends of cell demand

Question 22

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 22

rough due to ribosomes
protein synthesis
secreted and membrane bound proteins enter lumen (interior) of rER
- processed ad then released

Question 23

function of golgi complex

Answer 23

series of membrane sacs + associated vesicles
- receives, modifies (glycosylation) + sorts (molecular markers) and ships proteins arriving from rER
- also produces polysaccharides

Question 24

golgi apparatus polarity

Answer 24

vesicles from ER arrive at cis face
processed vesicles leave at trans face

Question 25

3 types of vesicles

Answer 25

transport
secretory
vacuoles

Question 26

bulk transport across plasma membrane

Answer 26

exocytosis
- constitutive exocytosis (releases extracellular matrix proteins)
- regulatory exocytosis (releases hormones and neurotransmitters)

endocytosis
- phagocytosis + pinocytosis
- receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 27

lysosomes

Answer 27

digest and recycle unwanted cellular materials - autophagy

Question 28

what are the names of the 2 stages of cellular respiration

Answer 28

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation + citric acid cycle

Question 29

stage 1 - cellular respiration

Answer 29

glycolysis
in cytosol - 6 C into 2 pyruvate (2 3xC) + 2ATP
NAD+ to NADPH

Question 30

stage 2 - cellular respiration

Answer 30

pyruvate oxidation - pyruvate into acetyl coa + 2NADH

citric acid cycle - acetyl coa enters
- output: 2ATP, 6NADH + 2FADH2

Question 31

what is the very last step in cellular respiration

Answer 31

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 32

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 32

electron transport chain - NADH + FAH2 through complex 1 and 2
- proton gradient generated

chemiosmosis
- ATP synthase - ADP + Pi = ATP

Question 33

2 stages of photosynthesis

Answer 33

light reactions
calvin cycle

Question 34

what is the sequence of the light reactions

Answer 34

light and water go into PII and give electron and 1/2O+2H+
then the cytochrome complex to pump protons into stroma
some e go to PI and NADPH+ + H+ gets turned into NADPH
And finally you have ATP synthase that converts ADP+Pi to ATP

Question 35

what is the input and output of photosystem II

Answer 35

light and H2O

1/2O + H+

Question 36

what are the inputs and outs of photosystem I

Answer 36

light and NADP+ + H+
NADPH

Question 37

what are the 3 calvin cycle stages

Answer 37

1. fixation
2. reduction
3. regeneration

Question 38

what happens in carbon fixation

Answer 38

3 5Carbon molecules + 3CO2
turns into 3 6Carbon
— gets turns into 6 3Carbon (3=phsophglycerate)

Question 39

what happens in carbon reduction

Answer 39

the 6 3Carbon molecules and converted to a different 3Carbon molecule (glceraldehyde-3-phosphate), before 1 leaves to form glucose
- there are 5 3Carbon molecules left

Question 40

what happens in carbon regeneration

Answer 40

converts the 5 3Carbon molecule into 3 5Carbon molecules

Question 41

what is the overall input and output of photosynthesis