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biology unit 1 > cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

cell structure and organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

cell theory states that:

A
  • new cells are formed from other existing cells
    -the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function and organization in all living organisms
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2
Q

what are prokaryotic cells?

A

the first ever type of cell which is found in domains of bacteria and the dna is not enclosed in a cell membrane.

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3
Q

what are the organelles found in prokaryotic cells?

A

plasma membrane, pili, peptidoglycan cell wall, cytoplasm, capsule, flagellum, small ribosomes, circular dna, mesosome

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4
Q

what 3 organelles are only present in some prokaryotic cells?

A

pili, capsule, flagellum

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5
Q

what are eukaryotic cells?

A

these are believed to have evolved from prokaryotic cells though, the dna is contained inside a nuclear membrane, they are larger and have more and some different organelles.

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6
Q

what organelles does prokaryotic bacteria contain?

A

plasma, membrane, ribosomes, vacuoles, mesosome, dna, cellwall

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7
Q

eukaryotic animal cells contian?

A

plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, membrane bound organelles (e.g mitocondria) ribosomes, vacuoles, centrioles and dna

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8
Q

what do eukaryote plant cells contain?

A

plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, membrane bound organelles (e.g mitocondria) ribosomes, vacuoles, chloroplast, DNA, cell wall

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9
Q

what is difference between ribosomes in prokaryotic bacteria cells and eukaryotes animal and plant cells?

A

prokaryotic - small and free in cytoplasm
eukaryotic plant and animal- large free in cytoplasm and attached to rough ER.

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10
Q

What is the difference between vacuoles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic plant and animal cells?

A

prokaryotic- small and temporary
eukaryotic animal cells- small and temporary
eukaryotic plant cells - large, permanent vacuole surrounded by tonoplast membrane.

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11
Q

why do scientists believe that viruses are not cells or alive?

A

-no cell membrane
- no cytoplasm
-cant do respiration or synthesis atp
- dont grow
-cant replicate or reproduce (invade host cell and use metabolic processes)

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12
Q

what are basic components of a virus?

A

-protein coat (capsid)
-enzymes involved in viral replication
- a molecule of dna or rna: contains a small number of genes which code for essential viral proteins.

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13
Q

function of nucleus?

A

contains DNA of cell

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14
Q

function of nucleolus?

A

inner part of nucleus and begins assembly of ribosomes

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15
Q

function of chloroplast?

A

captures energy from light for photosynthesis

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16
Q

function of golgi apparatus/ body?

A

modify, sort and ship proteins and lipids

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17
Q

function of mitochondria?

A

makes ATP energy during aerobic respiration

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18
Q

function of ribosome?

A

creates polypeptide chains and proteins

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19
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic recticulum?

A

create lipids for cellular membrane

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20
Q

function of rough endoplasmic recticulum?

A

proteins are assembles and transported into/ out of the cell

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21
Q

function of lysosome?

A

uses enzymes to breakdown old organelles and macromolecules

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22
Q

functions of vacuole?

A

stores water, salts and carbohydrates

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23
Q

function of cytoskelenton?

A

helps maintain its shape and involved in movement

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24
Q

function of cytoplasm?

A

material inside cell membrane but outside nucleus

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25
Q

function of centriole?

A

help organize cell division

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26
Q

function of cell wall?

A

give plants extra structure and stability

27
Q

function of cell membrane?

A

controls what enters and exits cell

28
Q

the components of the nucleus

A

-bounded by two membranes, nuclear envelope and pores which allow the passage of large molecules e.g mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus.
- the granular material in the nucleus is the nucleoplasm. it contains chromatin which is made of coils of DNA bound to protein. during cell division, chromatin condenses into chromosomes
-in the nucleus there are one or more small spherical bodies called nucleolus. these are sights of formation of rRNA- constituent of ribosomes

29
Q

mitochondria comprise of:

A

-two membranes, seperated by a narrow fluid filled inter membrane space. the inner membrane is folded inwards to form cristae.
- an organic matrix, containing many compounds like lipids and proteins
- small circle of DNA so mitochondrion can replicate and code for some of its proteins and RNA
-small (70s) ribosomes which allow protein synthesis

30
Q

which type of cells contain a lot of mitochondrion

A

metabolically active cells e.g muscle cells as they need plentiful supply of ATP

31
Q

what does the cristae do in the mitochondrion

A

provide large surface area for attachment of enzymes involved in respiration

32
Q

chloroplast structure consists of:

A

-two membranes
- the stroma(includes products to do photosynthesis)
- contain 70s ribosomes and circular dna

33
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

describes the origin of chloroplast and mitochondria. it was seen to closely resemble cyanobacteria. its also been suggested mitochondria was an independant bacteria

34
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

involved the secretion of substances from cells. adds new membrane by fusion of vesicles from inside the cell with the plasma membrane, so increases the surface are of the plasma membrane

35
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

takes in substances/food particles by surrounding particles and infolding of the plasma membrane to form phagocytic vesicles. this removes membrane from the plasma membrane and decreases the surface area of the plasma membrane

36
Q

how do the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body and the plasma membrane work together

A
  • to enable cells to take in large food particles (including bacteria) and then to digest them internally
  • to synthesise, process and package enzymes and them release them to an exterior of a cell for external digestion
37
Q

protein synthesis involves:

A

-in the nucleus: the transcription of the genetic code in the DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA)
-in the nucleolus: production of ribosomes
-the nuclear pores: the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm through nuclear pores.
-in the cytoplasm: ribosomes translate of the code in mRNA into polypeptides(amino acids bonded together with peptide bonds)
- in RER: a vesicle pinches off the RER and transports polypeptide to the golgi body
-in the golgi bodies: the processing of the polypeptides to produce functional proteins (folding to give secondary/tertiary structure, adding carbohydrate chains, combining polypeptides) and packaging of the proteins into secretory vesicles for secretion

38
Q

how do cells become specialised in multicellular organisms

A

according to the functions they preform leading to division of labour

39
Q

what is a tissue

A

a tissue is an aggregation of similar cells carrying out the same function e.g layer of cells that cover the alveoli is epithelial tissue

40
Q

scientists do not believe that viruses are alive because:

A
  • no cell membrane
  • no cytoplasm
    -cannot carry out respiration/ synthesise ATP
    -they dont grow
  • cannot replicate or reproduce on their own(use host cell)
41
Q

basic components of a virus are

A

-a protein coat called capsid
-enzymes involved in viral replication
- a molecule of dna or rna containing small number of genes which code for essential viral proteins

42
Q

what do some viruses contain

A

-additional layer of capsid called viral envelope which is a phospholipid bilayer which coes from the cell membrane of a host cell—– these are called glycoproteins

43
Q

additional viral proteins/glycoproteins are essential to the virus:

A
  • protein can be enzymes used to penetrate cell membrane of a host cell
  • glycoproteins can act as receptor molecules that can bind to and trigger receptor molecules in the host cell membrane.
44
Q

what is an organ

A

aggregations of several tissues which carry out a function for the whole organism (e.g eye)

45
Q

what are multicellular organisms

A

collections of organ systems and tissues that work together to form independent organism

46
Q

what are epithelial tissues

A

made up from cells (at least in the bottom layer) which sit on an additional layer of membrane, the basement membrane.

47
Q

types of epithelial tissues

A
  • simple squamous
    -simple cuboidal
  • simple columnar
    -transitional
  • stratified squamous
    -stratifies cuboidal
  • pseudostratified columnar
48
Q

what is the columnar epithelium tissue

A

these cells are taller than they are wide and are found in small intestine, where the cells are covered in microvilli to increase surface area for absorption

49
Q

what is cuboidal epithelium

A

approx same height and width and can be found lining the proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney. they reabsorb useful substances

50
Q

what is squamous epithelium

A

very thin cells. line the alveoli in the lungs reduces diffusion distance for the exchange of gas

51
Q

what is stratified epithelium

A

made up from layers of cells. the bottom layer is in contact with basement membrane and divides to make the upper layers of the tissue. top layers are usually dead and can be worn away without damage to living cells. can be found in skin and oesophagus

52
Q

what are ciliated epithelium tissues

A

these have a brush border of cilla and contain protein microtubules that can move. the can be found in trachea where mucus needs to be moved out of lungs and in fallopian tubes where cilla set up a current to move embryo into the uterus

53
Q

where is loose connective tissue found

A

between layers of tissues e.g under the skin

54
Q

where is fibrous connective tissue found

A

in tendons and joins muscle to bone

55
Q

where is bone tissue found

A

this makes up the skelenton and provides support and movement

56
Q

what does adipose tissue do

A

store fat as a source of energy protection, thermal insulation and buoyancy

57
Q

where is cartilage found

A

at the end of bones and reduces friction during movement. some is flexible e.g ends of ribs

58
Q

types of muscle tissue and what control we have over it

A
  • smooth muscle tissue - involuntary control
  • cardiac muscle tissue- involuntary control
  • skeletal muscle tissue- voluntary control
59
Q

properties of using a light microscope

A

-uses a bean of light (longer wavelength)
- see coloured images
- can observe live specimens
- resolution power is lower
- magnification is lower

60
Q

properties of using an electron microscope

A
  • use a beam of electrons( short wavelength)
  • can only see black and white
  • specimens must be dead
  • resolution power is higher
  • magnification is higher
61
Q

why do we use staining while using microscopes

A

to give more contrast between cell structures and make them easier to see
however staining cells kill them so cannot be used while observing live cells

62
Q

formula for magnification

A

magnification= image size/actual size

63
Q

how many mm in a um

A

1mm=1000um

64
Q

how many um in nm

A

1um = 1000nm

biology unit 1 (3 decks)

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