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Biology Unit 1 A/S > Cell Structure and Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell theory

A
  • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • The cell is the basic unit of life
  • Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

-Contain a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

E.g plant, animal, protocists and fungi cells

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3
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

-Do not contain a true nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Structure:

  • Nuclear envelope encloses chromatin (DNA/RNA/Proteins)
  • Nuclear pores perforating the nuclear envelope
  • Nucleolus inside

Function:

  • Contains the cell’s genetic material, regulating activity
  • Nucleolus: Synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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5
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Structure:

  • Ribosomes attached to surface
  • Cisternae are flat

Function:
-Synthesis, folding and modification of proteins

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6
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Structure:

  • NO ribosomes attached
  • Cisternae are more tubular

Function:
-Synthesis, storage and transportation of carbohydrates and lipids

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

Structure:

  • Comprised of 2 parts: 1 large subunit and 1 small subunit
  • Made from ribosomal RNA
  • 80s in Eukaryotes
  • 70s in Prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts
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8
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Structure:

  • Golgi Body: Series of curved membranes enclosing a series of stacks of flattened sacs
  • Golgi Vesicles at end of stack

Function:

  • Modification, sorting and packaging of proteins and lipids (e.g glycoproteins, glycolipids)
  • Transportation of these materials through the cell
  • Manufacture of macromolecules
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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Structure:

  • Inner and Outer membrane
  • Intermembrane space
  • Cristae (Folds)
  • 70s ribosomes
  • Mitochondrial matrix
  • Circular DNA

Function:

  • Site of aerobic respiration
  • Synthesises ATP
  • Found in abundance in metabolically active cells
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10
Q

Vacuoles

A

Structure:

  • Membrane bound sac
  • Large central vacuole in plants
  • Small vacuole in animals

Function:
-Large central vacuole of plants provide cell volume and stores inorganic ions

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11
Q

Lysosomes

A

Structure:

  • Spherical single membrane sacs
  • Contain hydrolytic and digestive enzymes

Function:

  • Digestion of macromolecules within the cell
  • Transport hydrolytic and digestive enzymes
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12
Q

Centrioles

A

Structure:
-9 sets of triplet microtubules

Function:
-Used to form spindle fibres for nuclear division

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13
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Structure:

  • Outer membrane
  • Intermembrane space
  • Inner membrane
  • Stroma (fluid)
  • Lamellae
  • Thylakoid
  • Grana (Thylakoid stacks)

Function:
-Site of photosynthesis

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14
Q

Cellulose Cell Wall

A

Structure:
-Made from long cellulose fibres

Function:

  • Protects the cell
  • Maintains shape
  • Prevents bursting when water enters
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15
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • Narrow strands of cytoplasm that pass through tiny pores in adjacent plant cell walls
  • Used for cell to cell communication
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16
Q

Large Central Vacuole

A

Structure:
-Sac surrounded by membrane called Tonoplast

Function:

  • Helps regulate the osmotic properties of cells
  • Provides support
17
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Circular DNA
  • Cell Membrane
  • Peptidoglycan Cell Wall
  • 70s Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Pilli
  • Slime capsule
  • Plasmids (Smaller loop of DNA)
  • Mesosomes (site of respiration)
18
Q

Endosymbiosis

A
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes
  • Engulfed into other cells by endocytosis
  • Eukaryotic cells received source of sugar (chloroplast), and a way to break down the sugar to ATP (Mitochondria)
19
Q

Viruses

A
  • Capsid

- Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)

20
Q

Organisation

A

Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System

21
Q

Tissue

A

An aggregation of SIMILAR cells with the same function:

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
22
Q

Tissue types

A
  • Ciliated epithelium: Cells with hair-like cilia
  • Columnar epithelium: Cells that are longer than wide
  • Squamous epithelium: Thin cells
  • Smooth muscle: Involuntary contractions (No striations)
  • Striated muscle: Voluntary contractions (Striations)
  • Cardiac muscle: Involuntary myogenic contractions (Striated)
  • Connective tissue: Fills spaces with cells, collagen fibres and elastic fibres

Biology Unit 1 A/S (18 decks)

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