Cell Structure and Function (Pt. 1)

Question 1

What are the singular and plural forms of the name for SPHERICAL bacterial morphology?

Answer 1

Coccus / Cocci

Ex. /Streptococcus/

Question 2

What are the singular and plural forms of the name for ROD bacterial morphology?

Answer 2

Bacillus / Bacilli

ex. /Bacillus/

Question 3

What are the singular and plural forms of the name for SPHERICAL / ROD COMBO bacterial morphology?

Answer 3

Coccobacillus

Ex. /Chlamydia/

Question 4

What is it called when 2 cocci are growing together?

Answer 4

Diplococci

Question 5

What is it called when cocci grow in a line together?

Answer 5

Streptococci

Question 6

What is it called when cocci grow in a square?

Answer 6

Tetrad

Question 7

What is it called when cocci grow in a cube?

Answer 7

Sarcinae

Question 8

What is it called when a group of cocci grow in a bunch?

Answer 8

Staphylococci

Question 9

What is it called when 2 bacilli are growing together?

Answer 9

Diplobacilli

Question 10

What is it called when bacilli grow in a line together?

Answer 10

Streptobacilli

Question 11

What are the spiraled bacteria called?

Answer 11

Spirillum

Question 12

What are the long, worm-like bacteria called?

Answer 12

Spirochetes

Question 13

What are the bean shaped bacteria called?

Answer 13

Vibrio

Question 14

What is it called when a bacterial species have only one shape?

Answer 14

Monomorphic shapes

Question 15

What is it called when bacteria have multiple shapes?

What does the change depend on?

Answer 15

Pleiomorphic

The environment / conditions they’re put into

Question 16

What does the plasma membrane determine?

Answer 16

The plasma membrane determines what is inside the cell (intracellular) and what is outside the cell (extracellular)

Question 17

What are the building blocks of a phospholipid?

Answer 17

A glycerol
A phosphate group
2 fatty acid tails

Question 18

What does amphipathic mean?

Answer 18

A two component molecule that interacts with water differently (partly hydrophobic and partly hydrophilic on the same molecule).

Question 19

What can and can’t go through the plasma membrane?

Answer 19

CAN:

• Hydrophobic molecules (ex O2)
• Small, uncharged polar molecules (ex water)

CANNOT

• Large uncharged polar molecules (ex sugars)
• Ions (ex H+)

Question 20

Define hypertonic and hypotonic.

In which direction does water move?

Answer 20

HYPERtonic = high concentration of solutes

HYPOtonic = low concentration of solutes

Water moved from hypotonic to hypertonic.

Question 21

How do molecules move across a phospholipid bilayer?

What’s the difference between these 2 broad categories?

Answer 21

Active transport
- requires energy

Passive transport
- no energy, diffusion only

Question 22

In what two ways can active transport be achieved?

Answer 22

Coupled Transport

Use of ATP

Question 23

Explain a symporter.

Answer 23

This is a type of coupled transport in which, while one thing is going down its concentration gradient, it takes something that is going up its concentration gradient with it.

When this happens, they are both going in the SAME direction.

Question 24

Explain an antiporter.

Answer 24

This is a type of coupled transport in which, while one thing is going down its concentration gradient, it takes something that is going up its concentration gradient with it.

When this happens, they are going in OPPOSITE directions.

Question 25

What does the ABC in ABC Transporters stand for?

Answer 25

ATP-Binding Cassette

Question 26

How does ABC transport work?

Answer 26

1. A solute-binding protein binds to a solute and brings it the the transporter.
2. The solute binds to the transporter, causing a conformational change. This change activates the ATPase attached the the transporter.
3. ATP is hydrolyzed, causing another confirmation change, releasing the solute out the other side.

Question 27

How does group translocation / the phosphotransferase system work?

Answer 27

Enzyme 1 hydrolyzes ATP and passes the high energy phosphate to other enzymes until it gets passed to the transporter.

The energy from the phosphate is used to pump large molecules up their concentration gradient by binding the phosphate to the molecule upon entering the cell. The molecule cannot enter the cell without attaching to a high energy phosphate.

Question 28

How do bacteria eat larger material that is too big to just to transferred in?

Answer 28

The bacteria engages in extracellular digestion in which an enzyme is secreted that will break down the material small enough so that it CAN be transported.

Question 29

What decides what a bacterium can break down / eat?

Answer 29

The types of enzymes & transporters they can produce