Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

3 characteristics of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells and examples

Answer 1

Prokaryotic - unicellular, primitive, lack membrane bound organelles and nucleus. ex. bacteria
Eukaryotic - multicellular, evolved from primitive cell, have membrane bound organelles and nucleus. ex. protista - plants, animal, fungi

Question 2

4 characteristics of the Nucleus

Answer 2

• contains genetic material
• surrounded by nuclear membrane, contains nucleoplasm
• contains a nucleolus
• nucleus assembles proteins for RNA production

Question 3

What is the endomembrane system?

Answer 3

A group of interacting organelles connecting the nucleus to the plasma membrane. Includes ER, vesicles, golgi body/apparatus

Question 4

What is ER? 2 types and their functions?

Answer 4

ER is an extension of the nuclear envelope with repeated folds, and flattened sacs and tubes.
Smooth ER - responsible for production of lipids (cell membrane)
Rough ER - make and store proteins, have many ribosomes present

Question 5

What is a vesicle and its function? Example?

Answer 5

membrane enclosed sac-like organelle used for transport, storage, and in cell digestion. ex. peroxisome - digest amino acids

Question 6

What is a vacuole?

Answer 6

A liquid filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water imbalance amino acids, sugars, ions, water toxins, fluids (turgon) pressure

Question 7

What is a lysosome?

Answer 7

A vesicle with powerful digestive enzymes, they fuse with particles of food.

Question 8

What does the golgi body do?

Answer 8

Many vesicles fuse with it and the golgi uses enzymes to put the finishing touches on peptide chains and lipids that have been produced.

Question 9

What does the mitochondrion do?

Answer 9

Specializes in making ATP, cellular respiration, reactions using O2, the number of mitochondrion in a cell depends on the cell, on muscle cell may have 1000+, a yeast cell will have 1.

Question 10

What are plastids? 3 types?

Answer 10

membrane enclosed organelles used for photosynthesis or storage in plants and algae.
Chloroplasts, Amyloplasts, Chromoplasts

Question 11

What is a chloroplast?

Answer 11

double membraned organelle specialized in photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll pigment

Question 12

What does a chromoplast do?

Answer 12

Makes and stores pigment other than chloroplast, such as cartenoids

Question 13

What does an ampyloplast do?

Answer 13

Often stores grains, is unpigmented

Question 14

What is the cytoskeleton and what does it do?

Answer 14

The cytoskeleton is an interconnected system of filaments. It provides structure and support, and organizes and moves cell structures and often the whole cell.

Question 15

What is microfilament and what does it do?

Answer 15

Is a fibre made of the protein actin. Strengthens or changes shape of cells, can drag or extend in a certain way (muscle contraction)

Question 16

What are microtubules and what do they do?

Answer 16

They are hollow cylinders made of the protein tubulin. They grow and shift away from the center of the cell and irregular bulges may surround prey or remain still to allow the rest of the cell to catch up.