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CVM 6901 Physiology > Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Cell structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

What makes cells in different tissues of the same animal different?

A

Gene Expression

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2
Q

Biomembrane properties

A

-Fluid mosaic (hydrophylic heads and hydrophobic tails)
-Phospholipids are amphipathic (charged hydrophilic head and uncharged hydrophobic tail)
-

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3
Q

Lipid rafts

A

Special regions in the membrane that select phospholipids based on their tails, also help select certain transmembrane proteins

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4
Q

2 Forms of bulk transport

A
  • Endocytosis

- Exocytosis

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5
Q

When will a cell membrane have equal distribution of phospholipid molecules

A

When the cell dies

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6
Q

5 Functions of the cell membrane

A
  • Mechanical and structure barrier
  • Selective permeability
  • Carrier-mediated transport
  • Bulk transport
  • Markers and signaling
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7
Q

Mechanical and structure barrier description

A

A cell membrane maintains the physical integrity of the cell and forms a barrier between in and outside

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8
Q

Selective permeability description (passable things)

A
  • Gases (CO2, N2, O2)
  • Small uncharged polar molecules (ethanol)
  • Some water (about 20%) and some urea will also pass through
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9
Q

Carrier-mediated transport description

A

Proteins in cell membranes allow transport of specific molecules across the membrane in either direction

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10
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process in which secretory vesicle contents are moved into the cell (from the extracellular fluid) via the cell membranes

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11
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process by which contents of secretory vesicles are moved out of the a cell (from the intracellular fluid) via the cell membrane.

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12
Q

Markers and signaling description

A

Proteins called surface protein markers embedded in the cell membrane identify the cell, enabling cells to recognize and communicate with each other

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13
Q

2 types of membrane proteins

A
  • Integral proteins

- Peripheral proteins

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14
Q

Integral proteins

A

Such as ion channels or receptors are embedded in and anchored to the cell membrane

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15
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Are not embedded in the membrane

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16
Q

6 functions of membrane proteins

A
  • ion channels
  • Transporters
  • Receptors
  • Enzymes
  • Cell recognition(identity) proteins
  • Linker proteins
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17
Q

Ion channels

A

Pore-forming membrane proteins that gate the flow of ions across the cell membrane, help regulate cell volume, and control the flow of ions across secretory and epithelial cells

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18
Q

Transporters

A

Membrane proteins are required to enable the specific passage or transport of selected substances across membranes

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19
Q

Receptors

A

Specialized integral membrane proteins that take part in communication between the cell and the outside world. Activated by hormones, neurotransmitters and other chemicals

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20
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalysts for biochemical: ATPases, hydrolases, oligosaccharidases, peptidases, lipases, etc.

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21
Q

Cell Recognition (identity) proteins

A

ID tags, usually glycoproteins that allow the body’s immune system to identify cells (important in cell/cell recognition)

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22
Q

Linker proteins

A

Face the cytoplasm and interact with the cytoskeleton or face the exterior and interact with the extracellular matrix; both types can affect the shape and movement of the cell

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23
Q

What things can cross the plasma membrane freely

A
  • Gases (CO2, N2, O2)
  • small uncharged polar molecules (Ethanol)
  • Small amounts of water and urea
24
Q

Aquaporins

A

-transmembrane channels
-Made of 4 subunits
-selective for water
-found throughout cellular life
help manage osmotic imbalances, and are much more permeable that the plasma membrane itself

25
Q

Osmolarity

A

The measure of osmotic strength, different from osmolality

26
Q

Does the concentration or the size of molecules affect the osmolarity?

A

Only the concentration (count)

150 mM NaCl = 300 mOsmol/L

27
Q

Normal mammalian tonicity

A

275-290 mOsmol/L

-extracellular and intracellular osmotic pressures can vary 5-7%

28
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Inside of cell has higher concentration than outside (water flows into cell, cell lyses)

29
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Concentration in and out of cell is equal (water flows through cell, cell is in normal state)

30
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Concentration is higher outside of cell than inside (water flows out of cell, cell shrivels)

31
Q

Total body water distribution

A

2/3 intracellular fluid

1/3 extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid and plasma(in blood))

32
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure

A

Created by osmotic pressure due to large molecules in the plasma. Counteracts vascular system pressure (equal to about 28 mmHg)

33
Q

3 potential causes of edema

A
  • Increased capillary permeability
  • Decrease oncotic pressure
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure
34
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Equal to mean blood pressure.

Force exerted in blood vessels that forces fluid into the interstitial space

35
Q

Selective permeability (impassable things)

A
  • Large uncharged polar molecules (glucose)
  • Ions (K+, Cl-, etc..)
  • Charged polar molecules (amino acids, ATP, glucose 6-phosphate)
36
Q

Types of passive transport

A
  • Diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
37
Q

Passive transport

A

Substances diffuse spontaneously down their concentration gradients, rate can be increased by transport proteins in membrane

38
Q

Diffusion

A

Hydrophobic molecules and (at a slow rate) very small uncharged polar molecules can diffuse through the lipid bilayer

39
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Many hydrophilic substances diffuse through membranes with assistance of channel or carrier proteins

40
Q

How does membrane permeability affect entropy

A

No permeability means no effects of entropy

41
Q

What factors are involved in an IV drug delivery

A
  • Reflection coefficient
  • Permeability of the capillary wall (effective osmotic pressure)
  • Area of the capillary wall
  • Concentration difference at the capillary wall (delta concentration)
  • Permeability of the cell membrane
  • Area of the cell membrane
42
Q

Reflection coefficient

A

How easily a drug diffuses

43
Q

Do all drugs have the same reflection coefficient?

A

No. Different chemicals have varying reflection coefficients

44
Q

Do all membranes have the same permeability

A

No. Membranes have different (partial) permeabilities

45
Q

What is electricity

A

Is the flow of electrons, can also come from ions (lithium ion batteries)

46
Q

Voltage is the measure of what

A

Potential

47
Q

What is the difference in current and voltage between a D and an AAA battery

A

The voltage is the same in both batteries, but the current is much higher in a D battery.

48
Q

What is current

A

The flow of electricity

49
Q

Is it possible for a cell to have no current but still have potential?

A

Yes

50
Q

Given ion concentrations, what equation is needed to determine the equilibrium potential inside and outside of a cell

A

The Nernst Equation, use to solve for one ion at a time. Effective with only passive transport

51
Q

The Nernst equation solves for ideal equilibrium (is theoretical), why is the actual equilibrium different?

A
  • Channels leak differently
  • Their permeabilities vary
  • Active versus passive transport
  • Other ions and compartments
52
Q

NaCl ATPase (pump)

A

Brings in 2 K+ and sends out 3 Na+

-Observed in all eukaryotic cells

53
Q

Types of cotransport

A
  • Antiporters

- Symporters

54
Q

Antiporter

A

Exchange solutes, driving them in opposite directions

55
Q

Symporter

A

Carry secondary solutes in parallel as a byproduct of transport

56
Q

Why do electrolytes hydrate

A

Because of coupled transport; The NaCl pump sends Na out of the cell (against its gradient), so when it flows back into the cell it drags sugar with it (coupled transport).
-Gatorade contains electrolytes (salt) and Dextrose (sugar), So the increased amount of Na pulls the dextrose into the cell with it

57
Q

How do cells use voltage gradients

A

To drive other processes. Cells are like ionic batteries

CVM 6901 Physiology (1 decks)

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