Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
Organization
the orderly structure shown by living things
Cell
basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
Cell theory
one of the fundamental ideas of modern biology
1) All living things are composed of one or more cells
2) Cells are the basic unit of life
3) All cells come from preexisting cells
Plasma membrane
boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell
Organelle
specialized membrane- bound structures that carry out cell functions.
Nucleus
central organelle (control center) contains cell’s genetic material (DNA) stores information for cell growth, functions, and reproduction
Eukaryotic Cell
WITH nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (both have plasma membrane)
Prokaryotic cells
WITHOUT nucleus or other membrane- bound organelles (both have plasma membrane)
membrane- bound organelles
an organelle that is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer
ion
atoms with positive and negative electric charge
Phospholipid bilayer
large molecules with glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group, arranged tail to tail in two layers. (two layers allow for more effective barrier)
It provides a selectively permeable fluid barrier that allows substances through by facilitated diffusion and active transport.
Transport protein
protein that moves needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane into or out of the cell.
Selective permeability
A key property of the plasma membrane, it allows some molecules to pass while keeping others out.
homeostasis
regulation of the cells internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for life
diffusion
the movement of substances from area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration.
facilitated diffusion
uses transport proteins to move other ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane
osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. ONLY WATER
dynamic equilibrium
continuous movement but no overall change in concentration
Isotonic solution
equal concentration of things inside and outside the cell
Hypotonic solution
solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell
Hypertonic solution
solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than in the cell
Passive transport
movement of substances is along the concentration gradient.
-simple diffusion: cells use no energy, they just defuse through the membrane
-facilitated diffusion: transport proteins assist passive transport.
Active transport
using energy to move substances from a region of lower concentration to region of higher concentration. Movement is against the concentration gradient. Cells use carrier proteins
Endocytosis- plasma membrane surrounds a substance outside the cell and moves it into the cell
Exocytosis- plasma membrane surrounds a substance inside the cell and moves it outside the cell.
Cellular transport
Diffusion, Osmosis, Active transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis.
Enzyme
Protein that speed up the rate of chemical reactions
Cytoplasm
semifluid material inside the organelles or the plasma membrane. where cell process takes place.
Cytoskeleton
thin protein fibers forming a framework for the cell and providing an anchor for organelles.
Ribosome
help make proteins
Nucleolus
produces ribosomes inside the nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
site of ribosome attachment; can be smooth or rough
Golgi apparatus
modifies/sorts proteins for transport outside the cell
Vacuole
membrane-bound storage area within the cell
Lysosome
vesicle that contains substances that digest excess or worn out organelles
Centriole
functions during cell division
Mitochondria
converts fuel particles (sugar) into useable energy
cell wall
gives support to plant cells
Cilia and flagella
projections that allow the cell to move or to move substances along the surface of the cell.
