Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
Smallest living unit
Most are microscopic
Cells
Cells are small for them to _____ _____
easily survive
Observe silver of cork
Saw “row of empty boxes”
Coined the term cell
Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
“ All living things are made out of cells”
Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ All cells come from cells “
Rudolf Virchow
Principles of Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells or All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Smallest or basic unit of life and function of all organisms is the cell
All cells arise from preexisting cells (thus principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
Characteristics of All Cells
A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm - cell contents in thick fluid
Organelles - structures for cell function
Control center with DNA
First cell type on earth
Cell type of _____ and _____
No membrane bounding the nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes
Prokaryotic cell; Bacteria and Archaea
Nucleus bound by membrane
Include ____, ______, _____, and _______ _____
Possess many organelles
fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Cellular machinery
Two general kinds
- _________
- _________
Organelles
Derived from membranes
Bacteria-like organelles
Derived from symbiotic bacteria
Ancient association
Bacteria-Like Organelles
Evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic bacteria
Endosymbiotic Theory
Contains cell contents
Double layer of __________ & ______
Cell Membrane; phospolipids and proteins
Polar
- Hydrophylic head
- Hydrophobic tail
Interacts with water
Phospholipids
A few molecules move freely Across the Plasma Membrane
Water, Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
Carrier proteins transport some molecules
Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
(Fluid Mosaic Model) describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins
Move molecules in one direction
Channels or transporters
Recognize certain chemicals
Receptors
Identify cell type
Glycoproteins
Catalyze production of substances
Enzymes
Found in plants, fungi, and many protists
Surrounds plasma membrane
Cell Wall
Cell Wall that is made up of mostly cellulose
Plants
Cell Wall that contains chitin
Fungi
Viscous fluid containing organelles
Fluid = _____
Cytoplasm; cytosol
Filaments & fibers
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton is Made of 3 fiber types
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
3 functions of cytoskeleton
Mechanical support
Anchor organelles
Help move substances
Provide motility
Basal bodies like centrioles
Cilia & Flagella
Short
Used to move substances outside human cells
Cilia
Whip-like extensions
Found on sperm cells
Flagella
Cilia & Flagella Structure
Bundles of microtubules
With plasma membrane
Pairs of microtubular structures
Play a role in cell division
Centrioles
Functional components with cytoplasm
Bound by membranes
Membranous Organelles
Control center of the cell
Double membrane
Nucleus
Nucleus contains ______ and _____
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Separates nucleus from the rest of the cell
Double membrane
Has pores
Nuclear Envelope
Hereditary material
Chromosomes
- ____
- ________
- _____________
Chromatin
DNA; DNA, PROTEINS, FORM THE CELL DIVISION
Most cells have 2 or more ________
Directs synthesis of RNA
Forms ribosomes
Nucleolus
Helps move substances within cells
Network of interconnected membranes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum 2 tyoes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes attached to surface
- Manufacture proteins
- Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
May modify proteins from ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
No attached ribosomes
Has enzymes that help build molecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
