Cell structure and extracellular matrix

Question 1

What are the four basic plant tissues?

Answer 1

Dermal tissue/ epithelium
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
Meristematic tissue

Question 2

Where is epithelium found in plants?

Answer 2

Outer layers of stems, roots and leaves

1 inner layer in roots

Question 3

State the function of vascular tissue.

Answer 3

Xylem transports water

Phloem transports sugars

Question 4

Where is vascular tissue in plants?

Answer 4

Stems
Leaves
Roots

Question 5

Function of ground tissue in plants.

Answer 5

Makes up bulk of plant mass: parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma

Question 6

Where is ground tissue in plants?

Answer 6

Stems
Roots
Leaves

Question 7

What is the function of meristematic tissue in plants?

Answer 7

Cell division to produce new growth

like stem cells in animals

Question 8

Where is meristematic tissue found in plants?

Answer 8

Tips of shoots and roots
In buds
Around stem of woody plants

Question 9

Describe the structure and function of parenchyma.

Answer 9

Thin cell walls
Large vacuoles
Dividing cells so found in meristems
Storage cells in roots, stems and seeds
May be air filled tissue in floating plants
Pith

Question 10

Describe the structure and function of collenchyma.

Answer 10

Structural support
Growing shoots and leaves
Living cells
Thickened cell walls to cope with mechanical pressure exerted on them
Beneath epidermis of stems and leaves

Question 11

Describe the structure and function of sclerenchyma.

Answer 11

Main structural support of a plant
Long, slender cells bundled together
Thick cell walls, the cells are dead
Develop in association with xylem and phloem

Question 12

Why are sclerenchyma commercially useful?

Answer 12

Fibres for fabrics
Flax for linen
Hemp for rope and fabric

Question 13

What is the function of xylem?

Answer 13

Water transport
Transpiration
Root pressure
Capillary action

Question 14

State the structure of xylem.

Answer 14

Columns of elongate dead cells with thick woody cell walls

Forms tubes

Question 15

What is the function of phloem?

Answer 15

Transport organic nutrients, mostly sucrose

Question 16

State the structure of phloem.

Answer 16

Made of cells linked end to end- sieve tubes
Highly specialised
Lost most of their internal structures that might slow fluid movement
Linked via specialised plasmodesmata

Question 17

What are plasmodesmata?

Answer 17

Small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells

Question 18

State the structure and function of meristems.

Answer 18

Sites of growth
Undifferentiated parenchymal cells
Generate new cells that can differentiate into new cell types as the developing structure matures

Question 19

What are the four basic animal tissues?

Answer 19

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nerve

Question 20

State the function of epithelium.

Answer 20

Protection (Poh)
Secretion (Sleeps)
Absorption (All)
Dialysis (Day)
Sensation (Stupidly)

Question 21

State the function of connective tissue in animals.

Answer 21

Support
Linking
Binding
Space filling

Question 22

State the function of muscle in animals.

Answer 22

Generate movement and heat

Question 23

State the function of nerves in animals.

Answer 23

Communication

Question 24

Where is epithelium found in animals?

Answer 24

Outer coverings
Lining of gut
Respiratory
Urogenital system
Etc

Question 25

Where is connective tissue found in animals?

Answer 25

Widespread, as specific tissues and as parts of other structures e.g. bone, tendon, dermis, etc

Question 26

Where is muscle found in animals?

Answer 26

Skeletal muscle Heart Smooth muscle Widespread

Question 27

Where are nerves found in animals?

Answer 27

CNS PNS Widespread

Question 28

What is a tissue?

Answer 28

Collection of cells and/ or extracellular materials specialised for a particular function Mostly grouped in a well-ordered arrangement

Question 29

State three types of muscle

Answer 29

Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle

Question 30

How many pints of cells are in the average human body? Hint: less than we usually drink at the taf

Answer 30

2

Question 31

State three types of connective tissue.

Answer 31

Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone

Question 32

What is an organ? (In the body, not the instrument you weirdos)

Answer 32

A distinct, discrete functional unit formed from 2 or more tissues

Question 33

What is an organ system?

Answer 33

Organ systems are assemblies of different organs associated with a particular process

Question 34

What is simple epithelia?

Answer 34

Epithelia arranged in 1 layer

Question 35

What is stratified epithelia?

Answer 35

Epithelia arranged in multiple layers

Question 36

What is squamous epithelia?

Answer 36

Where the epithelial cells are wider than the height and look flat and scale-like

Question 37

What is cuboidal epithelia?

Answer 37

The cells are cube shaped, duh

Question 38

What is columnar epithelia?

Answer 38

The cells are taller than they are wide

Question 39

Are epithelia avascular?

Answer 39

yeah boi

Question 40

What does avascular mean?

Answer 40

Doesn't have its own internal blood supply

Question 41

What do epithelia sit on top of?

Answer 41

Sits on top of a basement membrane like Dylan sitting on Poh at the first HP social

Question 42

What structures derive from epithelium?

Answer 42

Glands

Question 43

What are keratinised eptihelial cells?

Answer 43

Cells that have filled themselves with keratin and other waxy molecules The cells are non-living Act as a barrier that is continuously replaced so can be worn away Strong and waterproof

Question 44

What are pseudostratified epithelia cells?

Answer 44

Looks stratified but isn't | All cells connected to basement membrane just at different heights

Question 45

What are transitional epithelium and where would we find them?

Answer 45

Lines the bladder and shifts between collapsed and stretched as bladder empties and fills

Question 46

What are some features common to all epithelia?

Answer 46

They are entirely cellular Specialised cell to cell junctions Polarity (top surface is different from bottom surface) Connected to a basement membrane

Question 47

What are microvilli?

Answer 47

Finger-like projections which increase the surface area of the cell membrane to aid with absorption and secretion

Question 48

What are cilia?

Answer 48

Cilia are motile structures, which project from the top of cells

Question 49

What are basal striations?

Answer 49

Infoldings of the membrane at the base of the cell which increases surface area for energy dependent processes

Question 50

What are the toughest epithelial cells and why?

Answer 50

Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium Surface cells fill up with keratin Tough, dead, waterproof covering