Cell Structure and Division Flashcards
What is a prokaryotic organism?
They are single celled organisms.
What is an eukaryotic organism?
Eukaryotic organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells, they are complex and include all animal, plant, algae and fungal cells
Name the parts of an animal cell:
Plasma (cell surface) Membury Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome Ribosome Nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm Mitochondrion
Name the parts of a plant cell:
Plasma (cell surface) membrane Chloroplast Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plasmodesma Mitochondrial Golgi apparatus Vacuole Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome Cell wall
Describe and explain the function of;
Cell-surface (plasma) membrane
Description:
The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell walls of other cells. It’s mainly made of lipids and proteins.
Function:
Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond chemicals like hormones.
Describe and explain the function of;
Nucleus
Description:
A large organelle surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane), which contains many pores. Nucleus contains chromosomes (which are made from protein-bound linear DNA) and one or more structure(s) called a nucleolus.
Function:
The nucleus controls the cells activities (by controlling the transcription of DNA). DNA contains instructions to make proteins. The pores allow substances (E.G.RNA) to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nucleolus makes ribosomes.
Describe and explain the function of;
Mitochondrion
Description:
There are usually oval-shaped. They have a double membrane - the inner one is folded to form structures called cristae. Inside is the matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration.
Function:
The site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced. They are found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require lots of energy.
Describe and explain the function of;
Chloroplast
Description:
A small, flattened structure found in plant and algal cells. It’s surrounded by a double membrane, and also has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes. These membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to from grana. Grana are linked together by lamellar - thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane.
Function:
The site where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana, and other parts happen in the stroma (a thick fluid found in chloroplasts)
Describe and explain the function of;
Golgi Apparatus
Description:
A group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs.
Function:
It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes.
Describe and explain the function of;
Golgi Vesicle
Description:
A small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus.
Function:
Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell (by the cell-surface membrane).
Describe and explain the function of;
Lysosome
Description:
A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure. It’s a type of Golgi vesicle.
Function:
Contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes. These are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane, can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell.
Describe and explain the function of;
Ribosome
Description:
A very small organ out either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It’s made of proteins and RNA. It’s not surrounded by a membrane.
Function:
Decide where proteins are made.
Describe and explain the function of;
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Description:
A system of membranes in closing a fluid filled space. The surface is covered with ribosomes.
Function:
Fulton processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
Describe and explain the function of;
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Description:
A system of membranes in closing a fluid filled space, however there are no ribosomes.
Function:
Synthesises and processes lipids.
Describe and explain the function of;
Cell wall
Description:
Limited structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi. In plants and algae it’s made mainly of the carbohydrate Celulose. In fungi, it’s made up of chitin.
Function:
Support cells and prevents them from changing shape.
