Cell Structure and Cell Division (1a) Flashcards
What does an animal cell have?
-Cytoplasm
-Nucleus
-Ribosomes
-Cell Membrane
-Mitochondria
In which type of cell would you find a cell wall, chloroplasts and a vacuole?
Plant
What does the nucleus do?
Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell.
What is the cytoplasm?
A gel- like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contains enzymes which control these chemical reactions.
What does the cell membrane do?
Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out.
What is made in the ribosomes?
Proteins
What is a eukaryote?
An organism that is made up of eukaryotic cells.
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A complex cell, including all plant and animal cells.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A cell that is smaller and simpler, e.g. bacteria
What is a cell wall?
A rigid structure that is made of cellulose. It supports and strengthens the cell, found in plant cells. The cells of algae (e.g. seaweed) also have a rigid cell wall.
What does a vacuole contain?
Cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts.
What process occurs in the chloroplasts?
Where photosynthesis takes place, which makes food for the plant. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis.
What does a bacteria cell contain?
Cytoplasm and cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall. There is no true nucleus, just a single, circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm. May also contain one or more small rings of DNA (plasmids).
Which part of and animal cell controls its activity?
The nucleus.
Where do most of the chemical reactions take place in a cell?
Cytoplasm.
What are mitochondria needed for in a cell?
Aerobic respiration.
What is a plasmid?
A small ring of DNA.
What is a specialised cell?
One that performs a specific function. Most cells in an organism are specialised. The structure helps it to carry out its function, so they can look very different.
What is differentiation?
The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job. As the cell changes, it will develop different subcellular structures, and turn into different types of cells.
Most animal cells are able to differentiate multiple times. True or False?
false. most animal cells lose this ability after they become specialised
Lots of plant cells are able to differentiate multiple times. True or False?
True
What type of animal cells are most commonly able to differentiate multiple times?
Mostly it is cells that are used for repairing and replacing cells, e.g. skin or blood cells.
How are sperm cells’ structure related to its function?
-Function is to get male DNA to female DNA
-Long tail and a streamlined head to help it ‘swim’ to the egg.
-Lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide energy.
-Carries enzymes within the ‘head’ to digest through the egg cell membrane
How are nerve cells adapted to their function?
-Long, covering a larger distance, for rapid signalling
-Branched connection at the ends to connect to other nerve cells
How are muscle cells adapted to their function?
-Long, so they have space to contract
-Contain lots of mitochondria to transfer energy needed for contraction
How are root hair cells adapted to their function?
-Grow into long ‘hairs’ that stick out into the soil, giving the plant a large surface area to absorb water and mineral ions in the soil.
What is stored in chromosomes?
Genetic material (the instructions needed to grow and develop). There are a large number of genes carried in each chromosome.
How many copies of each chromosome do body cells normally have and where do these each come from?
There are normally two copies of each chromosome: one from the organism’s ‘mother’ and one from its ‘father’.
How many chromosomes are there normally in a human cell?
23 pairs
Where are chromosomes found?
In long lengths of DNA, which is then coiled up to form the ‘arms’ of the chromosome.
Where are cell chromosomes found?
In the nucleus of a cell.
What is mitosis?
When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two identical offspring.
What do multicellular organisms use mitosis for?
To grow and develop, or replace cells that have been damaged.
How many times does a body cell divide during mitosis?
Two times
What is binary fission?
When a prokaryotic cell reproduces, similar to mitosis in eukaryotic cells
