Cell Structure Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is a sub-cellular structure?
They are the structures inside all cells
What are the sub-cellular structures in an animal cell?
Nucleus - Controls the activities of the cell
- Contains the genetic material
Cytoplasm - Most chemical reactions take place here
Cell Membrane - controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
Mitochondria - Aerobic respiration takes place here
Ribosomes - Proteins are synthesised (made) here
What else do plant and algal cells contain?
Nucleus - Controls the activities of the cell
- Contains the genetic material
Cytoplasm - Most chemical reactions take place here
Cell Membrane - controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
Mitochondria - Aerobic respiration takes place here
Ribosomes - Proteins are synthesised (made) here
Cell Wall - strengthens the cell (made of cellulose)
Permanent Vacuole - supports the plant (filled with cell sap)
Some contain…
Chloroplasts - to make their own food
What do chloroplasts do?
Chloroplasts absorb light to make glucose (food) by photosynthesis
What are the two main types of cell?
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
What are plant, animal and fungal cells?
What are bacterial cells?
Plant, animal and fungal cells are Eukaryotic
Bacterial cells are Prokaryotic
Name some differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells…
- are smaller
- genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
- genetic material is a single DNA loop, there may be one or more small rings of DNA (called plasmids)
- don’t contain mitochondria or chloroplasts
In bacterial cells, what roles are taken over, and by what?
The roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts are taken over by the cytoplasm
What are the 4 main shapes of bacterial cells?
Bacterial cells can be spherical, spiral, rod or curved rod
In what type of plant cell are chloroplasts not present?
And why?
Chloroplasts aren’t present in root cells because they don’t receive any light.
What type of cell do scientists think developed first?
Why?
Prokaryotic cells because they’re much simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells.
Why are plasmids very useful to scientists?
They allow genes to be inserted into bacteria in genetic engineering
What are flagella?
What do they do?
Flagella are tail-like structures
They move the bacterium
What are plasmids?
What do they do?
Plasmids are loops of DNA that can be transferred from one cell to another
They allow bacterial cells to move genes from one cell to another
Which sub-cellular structure controls the activities inside the cell?
The nucleus
Where are the proteins made in a cell?
Ribosomes make protein
What is the function of cell sap?
Cell sap supports the plant. It is found in the permanent vacuole
In which types of organism are eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells found?
Eukaryotic cells - multicellular organisms
Prokaryotic cells - single-celled organisms
When a stem cell turns into a specialised cell, what is it called?
Differentiation
What is differentiation?
When a stem cell turns into a specialised cell
What is a specialised cell?
They’re certain cells with certain jobs in the body
How do specialised cells start?
As stem cells, and then they differentiate
Name some specialised animal cells
8
Sperm, egg, muscle, nerve, skin, red blood, white blood, insulin-producing
Name some specialised plant cells
3
Root hair, phloem, xylem
