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Science - Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a sub-cellular structure?

A

They are the structures inside all cells

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2
Q

What are the sub-cellular structures in an animal cell?

A

Nucleus - Controls the activities of the cell
- Contains the genetic material
Cytoplasm - Most chemical reactions take place here
Cell Membrane - controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
Mitochondria - Aerobic respiration takes place here
Ribosomes - Proteins are synthesised (made) here

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3
Q

What else do plant and algal cells contain?

A

Nucleus - Controls the activities of the cell
- Contains the genetic material
Cytoplasm - Most chemical reactions take place here
Cell Membrane - controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
Mitochondria - Aerobic respiration takes place here
Ribosomes - Proteins are synthesised (made) here

Cell Wall - strengthens the cell (made of cellulose)
Permanent Vacuole - supports the plant (filled with cell sap)
Some contain…
Chloroplasts - to make their own food

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4
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Chloroplasts absorb light to make glucose (food) by photosynthesis

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5
Q

What are the two main types of cell?

A

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

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6
Q

What are plant, animal and fungal cells?

What are bacterial cells?

A

Plant, animal and fungal cells are Eukaryotic

Bacterial cells are Prokaryotic

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7
Q

Name some differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotic cells…

  • are smaller
  • genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
  • genetic material is a single DNA loop, there may be one or more small rings of DNA (called plasmids)
  • don’t contain mitochondria or chloroplasts
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8
Q

In bacterial cells, what roles are taken over, and by what?

A

The roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts are taken over by the cytoplasm

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9
Q

What are the 4 main shapes of bacterial cells?

A

Bacterial cells can be spherical, spiral, rod or curved rod

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10
Q

In what type of plant cell are chloroplasts not present?

And why?

A

Chloroplasts aren’t present in root cells because they don’t receive any light.

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11
Q

What type of cell do scientists think developed first?

Why?

A

Prokaryotic cells because they’re much simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells.

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12
Q

Why are plasmids very useful to scientists?

A

They allow genes to be inserted into bacteria in genetic engineering

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13
Q

What are flagella?

What do they do?

A

Flagella are tail-like structures

They move the bacterium

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14
Q

What are plasmids?

What do they do?

A

Plasmids are loops of DNA that can be transferred from one cell to another
They allow bacterial cells to move genes from one cell to another

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15
Q

Which sub-cellular structure controls the activities inside the cell?

A

The nucleus

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16
Q

Where are the proteins made in a cell?

A

Ribosomes make protein

17
Q

What is the function of cell sap?

A

Cell sap supports the plant. It is found in the permanent vacuole

18
Q

In which types of organism are eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells found?

A

Eukaryotic cells - multicellular organisms

Prokaryotic cells - single-celled organisms

19
Q

When a stem cell turns into a specialised cell, what is it called?

A

Differentiation

20
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When a stem cell turns into a specialised cell

21
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

They’re certain cells with certain jobs in the body

22
Q

How do specialised cells start?

A

As stem cells, and then they differentiate

23
Q

Name some specialised animal cells

8

A

Sperm, egg, muscle, nerve, skin, red blood, white blood, insulin-producing

24
Q

Name some specialised plant cells

3

A

Root hair, phloem, xylem

25
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

What are their adaptations?

A

They’re “warrior cells” - they help bodies fight off diseases or pathogens

They can “eat” pathogens (bacteria and viruses)
They produce antibodies to kill pathogens

26
Q

What is the function of nerve cells?

What are their adaptations?

A

They send and receive electrical signals

They are very long cells (metres)
They have synapses (spiky bits) to collect electrical signals

27
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

What are their adaptations?

A

They carry oxygen and carbon monoxide to cells

They don’t have a nucleus
They have a larger surface area

28
Q

What is the function of egg cells (ovum cells)?

What are their adaptations?

A

They are used for reproduction

They contain half the genetic information (23 chromosomes)
They’re big and have lots of available food

29
Q

What is the function of sperm cells?

What are their adaptations?

A

They are used for reproduction and they fertilise the egg (ovum)

They have a tail and lots of mitochondria to release energy
They contain the other half of the DNA (23 chromosomes)

Science - Biology (3 decks)

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