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OCR BIOLOGY (MODULE 2) > CELL STRUCTURE > Flashcards

CELL STRUCTURE Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of a stain

A

Coloured chemicals that bind to molecules in a specimen

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2
Q

What are the uses of stains?

A
  • makes cells visible
  • increases contrast as different components of a cell take up different amounts of stains
  • details inside cell can be seen (organelles can be ice identified)
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3
Q

What are examples of stains?

A 
METHYLENE BLUE
-all purpose stain, stains living cells blue
IODINE SOLUTION
-staining living plant cells
ACETIC ORCEIN
-staining nuclei and chromosomes
LIGHT GREEN
-stains plant cell walls green
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4
Q

Differential staining definition

A

More than one stain, stains that bind to specific structures

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5
Q

Resolution definition

A

Ability to distinguish between two separate points

-two objects closer together than 200nm is seen as one image under light microscope

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6
Q

Magnification definition

A

Number of times larger the image size is compared to the real size of the object
Mag=image/acual

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7
Q

What image is produced and what does a scanning electron microscope scan?

A

3D image

Surface of cell

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8
Q

CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPE

  • function
  • disadvantages
  • useful for looking at
A

-can look at thin samples and intact samples

  • low resolution
  • only fluorescent objects cause artefacts
  • living cells
  • cell relationships
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9
Q

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

  • function
  • disadvantages
  • useful for looking at
A

-surface in high resolution

  • resolution is lower
  • must be dead
  • expensive
  • object surface
  • 3D image
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10
Q

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

  • function
  • disadvantages
  • useful for looking at
A

-thin cross section of objects

  • cant be used on living thing
  • expensive
  • internal structure of objects
  • high resolution
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11
Q

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

  • function
  • disadvantage
  • useful for looking at
A
  • use visible light on a thin section of sample
  • low resolution
  • living things
  • cells an tissues
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12
Q

What are the uses of laser scanning microscopes?

A
  • developing drugs as not invasive
  • see specific parts of cells
  • can look at whole cell
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13
Q

What does an electron microscope need to work?

How do you prepare the specimen?

A

Vacuum

Dehydrate using different solutions, coat in gold so it can attract electrons

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14
Q

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSPCOPE

  • what image does it produce?
  • what does it look at?
  • what passes through the specimen?
A

2D image
Inside of cell
Electron beam

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15
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

A

Double membrane (nuclear envelope)- encloses DNA
Nucleus pores- allows molecules in to make DNA and RNa exit
Nucleoplasm (contains chromatin)- cell division
Nucleolus- manufactures ribosomes
Outer membrane continuous with room ER

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16
Q

What is the structure and function of the ER?

A

A system of hollow tubes and sacs
Rough ER- covered in ribosomes

-transport in cells, ribosomes synthesise proteins

17
Q

What are the structure and function of ribosomes?

What are the different types?

A

Two sub-units made of RNa and protein

  • protein synthesis
  • ribsosomes can move along mRNa

18nm=prokaryotic
22nm=eukaryotic

18
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Flatterned membrane bound cavities called cisternae (stacked on top of eachother)

  • modifies (eg: carbohydrates)
  • package protein into vesicles
19
Q

What is the structure and function of the lysosomes?

A

Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

  • isolate potentially harmful enzymes
  • break down old organelles
  • break down cell once dead
20
Q

What is the structure and function of mitochondrion?

A

Double membrane- inner membrane folds to make cristae

  • isolates reactions in aerobic respiration for production of ATP
  • increase SA for enzymes to attach
21
Q

What is the structure and function of chloroplasts?

Examples of cells containing them

A

Double membrane
Membrane bound sacks (thykaloids) stacked into grana and connected by lamellae

-isolate photosynthesis reactions

> palisade cell
spongy mesophyll

22
Q

What does the stroma contain?

A
  • enzymes
  • starch grains
  • 18nm ribosomes
23
Q

What is the structure and function of centrioles?

A

2 centrioles in all animal cells- at right angles to each other, adjacent to the nucleus
Composed of 3 set of microtubules

-form spindle fibres during nuclear division to control separation of chromatids and chromosomes

24
Q

What is the structure and function of the vacuole?

A

Absent in animal cells, common in plant cells
Membrane called a TONOPLAST
>contain cell sap (water, sugar, fat etc)

-maintain turgor for support and storage

25
Q

What is the structure and function of the flagella and cilia?
Examples

A

2 central microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules

-sliding of microtubules brings about movement (energy required)
>trachea- waft mucus
>oviduct- egg to uterus
>udulippodia- sperm cell

26
Q

What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules (fine, hollow tubes)
Microfilaments (small, solid protein strand)

  • enable movement
  • support cell organelles
  • strengthen cell and maintain shape
27
Q

What is the structure and function of the plant cell walls?

A

Rigid and permeable (strengthened by LIGNIN)

  • support
  • protection
28
Q

Division of labour process

A
  1. Proteins synthesised on rough ER
  2. Proteins travel to cisternae (apart of rough ER)
  3. Packaged proteins from the cisternae travels to the Golgi apparatus as a vesicle
  4. In the Golgi, proteins are modified and packaged
  5. From the Golgi the vesicle is released and exits through the cell SURFACE membrane
29
Q

What are always present in prokaryotic cells?

A
  • cell surface membrane
  • nucleoid (contains circular DNA)
  • cytoplasm (contains cytoskeleton)
  • ribosomes (18nm)
  • cell wall (made of cross linked PEPTIDOGLYCON
30
Q

What is sometimes present in a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • plasmids (small circular DNA (helps become resistant to antibiotics))
  • pili- cell to cell attachment (or surfaces)
  • slime capsule (additional protection)
  • flagellum=movement

OCR BIOLOGY (MODULE 2) (6 decks)

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