Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology AS-Level > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference btw animal cells and plant cells?

A
  • Plant cells have:
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the structure of an algal cell

A

Same organelles as plant cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the differences btw fungal cells + plant cells?

A
  • Cell walls are made of chitin
  • Don’t have chloroplast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell surface membrane

A
  • Made of lipids + protein
  • Regulates movement of substances in + out of cell
  • Has receptor molecules so it responds to chemicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Organelle surrounded by nuclear envelope w/ pores. Contains c’somes called nucleolus
  • Controls cell’s activities
  • DNA contains instructions to make proteins
  • Pores allow substances to move btw nucleus + cytoplasm
  • Nucleolus makes ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Double membrane, inner folding called cristae. Inside is matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration
  • Site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • Found in plants + algae. Has double membrane + thylakoid that stack up to form granum linked together by lamellae surrounded by stroma
  • Site where photosynthesis takes place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • Fluid filled, membrane bound flattened sacs. Has vesicles
  • Processes + packages lipids + proteins
  • Also makes lysosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Golgi vesicles

A
  • Small fluid filled sac
  • Stores lipids + proteins made by golgi apparatus + transports them out of cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Round organelle, type of golgi vesicle
  • Contains digestive enzymes - lysozymes, digest invading cells or break down worn out components of cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Covered in ribosomes
  • Folds + processes proteins made at ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • No ribosomes
  • Synthesises + processes lipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell wall

A
  • Made of cellulose/chitin
  • Supports cell + prevents shape change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cell vacuole

A
  • Contains cell sap + membrane made from tonoplast
  • Helps maintain pressure inside cell + keep it rigid - stops wilting
  • Involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals inside cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compare a eukaryotic cell to a prokaryotic cell

A
  • Smaller + simpler than eukaryotic
  • Doesn’t have a nucleus
  • DNA is circular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the differences btw prokaryotic cells + viruses?

A
  • Smaller
  • No plasma membrane
  • No cytoplasm
  • No ribosomes
17
Q

Outline how prokaryotic cells replicate

A
  • Binary fission
  • Circular DNA + plasmid replicate - DNA once, plasmid loads
  • Cell gets bigger + DNA loop moves to opposite poles of cell
  • Cytoplasm divides + new cell wall form
  • 2 daughter cells produced - 1 copy of circular DNA but variable no. plasmid
18
Q

Outline how viruses replicate

A
  • Use attachment protein to bind to complimentary receptor protein on surface of host cell
  • Inject DNA/RNA into host cell
  • Uses cells machinery to replicate
19
Q

Define resolution

A

How well a microscope distinguishes btw 2 points that are close together

20
Q

Describe a light microscope

A
  • Uses light
  • Can’t use to view smaller organelles
  • Max magnification is x1500
21
Q

Describe an electron microscope

A
  • Use e-
  • Higher resolution so give more detailed image
  • Max magnification is x1500000
22
Q

Describe a transmission electron microscope

A
  • Uses electromagnets to focus beam of e-, which is transmitted through specimen
  • Denser parts absorb more e- so look darker
  • High resolution so can see internal organelles
  • Needs thin specimen
23
Q

Describe a scanning electron microscope

A
  • Scan beam of e- across specimen, knocks off e- from specimen which are gathered in cathode ray tube to form image
  • 3D image
  • Can use thick specimen
  • Lower resolution than TEMs
24
Q

How do you prepare for a temporary mount?

A
  • Pipette small drop of water onto slide
  • Place thin section of specimen on top of water using tweezers
  • Add stain to highlight objects
  • Add cover slip using mounting needle
25
Q

Outline how to carry out cell fractionation

A
  • Homogenisation - grind cells in blender to break plasma membrane + release organelles into sol (ice cold, isotonic + buffer)
  • Filteration - filter through gauze to seperate debris from organelle
  • Ultracentrifugation - spun at low speed in centrifuge, heaviest form pellet at bottom, the rest is supernatent + drained off in another tube
26
Q

What is mitosis needed for?

A
  • Growth
  • Repairing damaged tissue
27
Q

What happens before mitosis?

A
  • Interphase
  • DNA unravels + replicates
  • Organelles replicate
  • ATP inc
28
Q

What happens at prophase?

A
  • Csomes condense + get shorter + fatter
  • Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell forming spindles
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down + csomes lie free in cytoplasm
29
Q

What happens at metaphase?

A
  • Csome line up along middle of cell
  • Attach to spindle fibre at centromere
30
Q

What happens at anaphase?

A
  • Centromeres divide seperating each pair of sister chromatids
  • Spindle contracts pulling chromatids to opposite poles of spindle
31
Q

What happens at telophase?

A
  • Chromatids reach opposite poles
  • Uncoil + become long + thin - csomes again
  • Nuclear envelope form round each group of csome - 2 nuclei
  • Cytoplasm divides
32
Q

What causes cancer?

A
  • Mutation in gene that controls cell division, uncontrollable cell growth forms tumour
  • Cancer = tumour that invades surrounding tissue
33
Q

Give examples of cancer treatment

A
  • Some drugs prevent synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication, if not produced, unable to enter synthesis stage forcing cell to kill itself
  • Radiation damage DNA, DNA checked for damage, if damaged cell will kill itself
34
Q

Outline how you would carry out an experiment to observe mitosis

A
  • Cut tip from growing root - where mitosis occurs
  • Prepare boiling tube w/ HCL + put in water bath
  • Transfer root tip into boiling tube
  • Use pipette to rinse root tip w/ cold water, dry tip
  • Put on microscope slide + use mounting needle to break tip open
  • Add stain + place cover slip
35
Q

How do you set up an eyepiece graticule?

A
  • Line eyepiece graticule + stage micrometer

Biology AS-Level (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions