Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CVM 6900 Micro Anatomy > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

Light microscope resolution

A

200 nm at 100x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Electron microscope resolution

A

Transmission EMs resolve 0.2 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microscopic anatomy is the study of: (4 things)

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The specialized delimiting capsule (lipid bilayer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

transparent substance around the nucleus that fills the

rest of the cell’s interior (cytosol + many membrane-enclosed organelles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cell cortex

A

A specialized layer of cytoplasm consisting of a meshwork of fibrous proteins that reinforces the membrane. Provides polarized shape and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 primary components of the cell cortex?

A

Actin filaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glycocalyx function

A

Protects and lubricates, important in cell-cell recognition and adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glycocalyx structure

A

sugar coating of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides found on the exterior of the cell membrane (appears fuzzy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ribosomes structure and size

A

10-20 nm cytoplasmic particles composed of rRNAs and ribosomal proteins (appear purple (basophilia) when stained)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 locations of ribosomes

A
  • Free in cytoplasm in clusters (polyribosomes)

- Associated with the membranes of the RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Plays a central role in the synthesis and export of proteins and glycoproteins. Is covered in ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) 3 functions

A
  • Involved in the synthesis of lipids (steroids)
  • Metabolism of lipid soluble substances
  • Regulated concentration of calcium in all cells (including muscle cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Golgi Apparatus function

A

Post-translational modifications of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

Flattened membrane bound sacs(cisternae) piled in stacks like plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lysosomes definition

A

membranous sacs
of hydrolytic enzymes (such as
nuclease, proteases, lipases,
etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4 functions of lysosome

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Autophagy (degredation of internal organelles when they become obselete)
  • Excretion of hydrolytic enzymes
  • Autolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Peroxisome (like hydrogen perioxide)

A

Help to manage free radicals, also regulate H2O2 metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Melanosome

A

Absorbs UV light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Centrioles

A

Microtuble organizing center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy source; produces ATP, heat, and most cellular reactions. Shape varies from rods to spheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Proteasome function

A

degrades
intracellular proteins marked for
destruction by attachment of
multiple ubiquitin molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Protease abnormality

A

Leads to degenerative diseases and some cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Glycogen

A

a large branched polysaccharide (stored glucose) found in liver, muscle, etc. cell cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pigment granules

A
  • melanin

- heme(breakdown product of hemoglobin degeneration)

26
Q

Secretory granules

A

membrane bound vesicles that contain inactive enzymes, proteins, neurotransmitters, mucus, etc.

27
Q

Cytoskeleton definition

A

System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm, continuously reorganizing

28
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A
  • cell movement
  • intracellular movement and transport
  • mitosis/meiosis
29
Q

Microtubules

A

long, stiff, cylindrical intracellular structures (20 nm diameter) composed of the protein tubulin

30
Q

Microtubule orientation

A

Are polar; Negative end is in the centrosome, positive end outward

31
Q

Motor proteins

A

Bind organelles and move them along microtubules

32
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Intermediat in size (10 nm in diameter). Gives mechanical strength

33
Q

Actin filaments

A

Small (7 nm in diameter) filamentous protein formed in a chain of globular actin molecules.

34
Q

Actin filaments function

A
  • Involved in cell movement (crawling)

- Muscle contraction

35
Q

Nucleus

A

Most prominent organelle in a eukaryotic cell, contains DNA organized into chromosomes

36
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

The envelope surrounding the nucleus (consists of 2 lipid bilayer membranes). perforated by nuclear pores and supported internally by nuclear lamina

37
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Perforations in the nuclear envelope that transport selected molecules

38
Q

Nucleolus

A

Region of the nucleus where different chromosomes carrying genes for ribosomal RNA cluster together

39
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA histones and nonhistone proteins from which chromosomes are made

40
Q

Chromatin characteristics

A
  • Stains basophilically
  • one DNA strand/chromosome
  • organized around the nucleosome
41
Q

Chromatin function

A

Histone proteins play a critical role in regulating gene expression because they can alter the accessibility of gene sequences in DNA

42
Q

Chromatin types (2)

A

Heterochromatin and euchromatin

43
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Highly condensed form of interphase chromatin, transcriptionally inactive, stains dark

44
Q

Euchromatin

A

Least condensed, extended state of chromatin, transcriptionally active, stains lightly,

45
Q

The cell cycle

A

Sequence of events by which a cell duplicates it contents and divides in two

46
Q

Four cell cycle phases

A
  • M phase
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
47
Q

M phase(mitosis)

A

Chromosomes are condensed and the nucleus and cytoplasm divide. (consists of 6 steps)

48
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Division of the cytoplasm (last step of M phase)
  • Contractile ring creates cleavage furrow
  • When finished 2 new complete cells are ready
49
Q

G1 phase (g=gap or “growth”)

A

The interval between the end of mitosis and the beginning of S phase, most quiescent cells rest here

50
Q

S phase (s=synthesis)

A

The cell replicates its nuclear DNA (prerequisite for division)

51
Q

G2 Phase (g=gap or “growth”)

A

The interval between the end of S phase and the beginning of mitosis

52
Q

Interphase

A

G1, S, and G2 phases are part of interphase.

-During interphase the cell increases in size. The DNA of the chromosomes is replicated and centrosome is duplicated.

53
Q

6 steps of M phase

A
  • Prophase
  • prometaphase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis
54
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes start to condense, mitotic spindle forms, nucleolus disappears

55
Q

Prometaphase

A

Mitotic spindle captures and organizes chromosomes, chromosomes finish condensing.
-nuclear envelope breaks down releasing chromosomes

56
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Spindle lines chromosomes at middle of cell.

- Kinetochores are attached to microtubules at opposite spindle poles

57
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids seperate and are pulled to opposite ends

- Microtubules elongate and push apart (kinetochores also pull chromosomes towards poles)

58
Q

Telophase

A
  • Chromosomes start to decondense(return to “stringy” form)
  • Spindle disappears
  • Nuclear membrand re-forms and nucleolus reappears
59
Q

3 cell cycle checkpoints

A
  1. G2/M checkpoint
  2. Spindle checkpoint
  3. Restriction Checkpoint
60
Q

G2/M Checkpoint

A

Unreplicated DNA will prevent entry into M phase (mitosis)

61
Q

Spindle Checkpoint

A

Improper assembly of the mitotic spindle leads to arrest in anaphase (chromosomes not aligned properly)

62
Q

restriction Checkpoint (G1 checkpoint)

A

Prevents entry into S phase until all DNA damage is repaired

CVM 6900 Micro Anatomy (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions