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Biology > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish two objects as separate from each other

Allows details to be see with clarity.
It’s determined by the wavelength of light or electron beam.

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1
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times an image is greater than the object.

It increases the ability to see details

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2
Q

State the resolution and magnification that can be achieved using a light microscope.

A

Magnification: x1500

Resolution: 200 micrometers

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3
Q

State the resolution and magnification that can be achieved using a transmission electron microscope.

A

Magnification: x500,00

Resolution: 0.1 nm

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4
Q

State the resolution and magnification that can be achieved using a scanning electron microscope.

A

Magnification: x100,000

Resolution: 0.1nm

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5
Q

Explain how samples are stained in a light microscope.

A

Uses a machine with metal knife to cut thin sections
Then placed on a glass slide
Uses dyes e.g iodine, methyl blue, acetic orcein

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6
Q

Explain how staining is used in TEM

A

Uses salts of heavy metals to absorb electrons after it has been sectioned using a diamond knife. It’s placed on a copper grid with a mesh.

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7
Q

Why do you need to stain samples?

A

It is necessary to give contrast between structures.

Stains are taken up differently by objects with different densities

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8
Q

What is the equation to calculate actual image size?

A

Actual image size = image size/magnification

Units must always be in micrometers!!!!

1mm = 1,000 micro metres
1cm= 10,000 micrometers
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9
Q

State the function and structure of the plasma membrane

A

Made of lipids and proteins and creates the outer surface of animal cells.

Used in cell signalling and regulates the movement of substances

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10
Q

State the function and structure of the cell wall

A

Made from cellulose network

Rigid structure that surrounds plant cells and prokaryotes and supports cell

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11
Q

State the function and structure of the centriole

A

Small hollow cylinder containing microtubules

Involved in separation of chromosomes in cell division

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12
Q

State the function and structure of the nucleus

A

Large organelle surprised by nuclear envelope contains many pores

Contains chromatin and often a structure called nucleolus

Pores allow RNA to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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13
Q

State the function and structure of the lysosomes

A

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure

Contains digestive enzymes
Kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane

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14
Q

State the function and structure of the ribosomes

A

A very small organelles that floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to RER

Site where proteins are made

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15
Q

State the function and structure of the mitochondria

A

Usually oval shaped or sausage shaped

Contains a matrix which have enzymes

The site of anaerobic respiration

Found in large numbers in cells that are very active eg muscle cells

16
Q

State the function and structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Similar to REM except there are no ribosomes

Synthesises and processes lipids

17
Q

State the function and structure of the REM

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space

Surface is covered in ribosomes

Folds and processes proteins by adding sugar

18
Q

State the function and structure of the cilia

A

Small hair like structures found in large numbers

Microtubules allow cilia to move substances along the wall

19
Q

State the function and structure of the vesicles

A

A small fluid filled sax

Transports substances and between organelles

20
Q

State the function and structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

Fluid filled flattened sacs

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins and also makes liposomes which are useful for transporting hydrophilic substances

21
Q

State the function and structure of the chloroplast

A

A small flattened structure

Contains thylakoids and grana

Site where photosynthesis takes place

22
Q

State the function and structure of the undulipodia

A

Like cilia but longer

Protrude from cell membrane

Propel the cell forward eg sperm

23
Q

Outline a way in which organelles work together

A

Instructions to make a hormone are in the DNA in the nucleus. That hormone can be a protein.

The specific instruction to make that protein is in a gene on a chromosome in the DNA.

The Nucleus copies the information from the DNA to the mRNA which leaves the nucleus through a pore on the envelope

The mRNA attaches itself to a ribosome on the RER

The ribosome uses the information to process the protein using codes and amino acids

The assembled protein is pinched off in a vesicles an transported to the Golgi apparatus

The Golgi packages the protein and can also modify it so it is ready to release

The protein is now packaged into vesicle and moved to the cell surface membrane, where it is secreted outside

24
Q

What is a prokaryote cell wall made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

25
Q

What type of cell has a capsule and what is the purpose of a capsule?

A

Prokaryotes have a capsule.

They contain ribosomes and are slippery and protective

26
Q

How is the DNA in prokaryote cells?

A

Either in a single loop in the cytoplasm

Or plasmids which are very small loops of DNA

27
Q

Where is ATP production taken place on prokaryotes?

A

In mesosmes

28
Q

Prokaryotic cells have flagellum, what do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Undulipodia

29
Q

What is the average size of prokaryotic cell?

A

0.5 - 5 micro metres

30
Q

What is the average size of eukaryotic cells?

A

10 - 50 micro metres

31
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

Refers to the network of protein fibres found within cells that gives structure and shape to the cell, and also moves organelles around inside cells

32
Q

What are the two types of protein fibres that make up a cytoskeleton?

A

Actin filaments and microtubules

Biology (4 decks)

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