Cell structure Flashcards
What are the two types of cells?
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Have organelles
What is a prokaryotic cell?
Don’t have organelles
What type of cell is a paramecium?
A single giant cell
How does paramecium swim?
By beating the cilia that cover its surface
Where does Chlamydomonas live?
Soil, fresh water, oceans, snow on top of mountains
What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
Yeast cell used for baking bread
How does Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduce?
By budding
What bacteria causes stomach ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What do human epithelial cells cover?
Inner and outer body cavities
What is the function of epithelial cells in the lungs?
Form the structure of the lung, including the alveoli
What is lividity?
Bluish-purple discoloration of skin after death
What causes lividity?
Pooling of blood due to gravity after the heart stops pumping
What are the most abundant types of molecules in cells?
- Water
- Carbon-based molecules
- Carbohydrates
- Amino acids
- Nucleotides
What are the properties of lipids?
- Hydrocarbon chain
- Hydrophobic
- Amphipathic
What are the common monosaccharides in cells composed of?
Entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What are amino acids classified as?
Polymers containing amino and carboxylic acid groups
How are amino acids linked together?
By peptide bonds
What do nucleotides consist of?
- Sugar
- Phosphate group
- Base
What distinguishes RNA from DNA?
RNA contains ribose; DNA contains deoxyribose
What do cells contain that perform specialized functions?
Distinct structures
What is the principle of division of labor in cells?
Cells specialize to accomplish necessary tasks to remain alive
What separates cellular contents into distinct regions?
Membranes
What is the role of proteins in cells?
Perform a small number of cellular tasks
True or False: Eukaryotic cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles.
False
Fill in the blank: Lividity is associated with _______.
livor mortis
What can be determined using Paramecium
That if they are found in the lungs of someone who drowned in the ocean they were moved there as only found in stagnant water.
How does Helicobacter Plyori move
Using a handful of whip-like flagella to propel itself
What is the primary function of epithelia in the lungs?
Epithelia form the structure of the lung, including the alveoli or air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Alveoli are crucial for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in respiration.
Which organs are lined by epithelial cells?
Epithelial cells line most organs, including:
* Stomach
* Small intestine
* Kidney
* Pancreas
* Esophagus
These cells play critical roles in protection, absorption, and secretion.
In addition to organs, where else can epithelial cells be found?
Epithelial cells can be found in ducts and glands, such as:
* Bile duct
* Salivary glands
These cells help in the secretion of various substances.
What specialized roles can epithelia perform?
Epithelia can specialize to act as sensory receptors, forming:
* Taste buds
* Linings of the nose
* Structures in the ear
* Components in the eye
These specialized epithelia are essential for sensory perception.
What type of epithelial cells line female reproductive organs?
Ciliated epithelial cells
Ciliated cells help move substances along the surface, important in reproductive processes.
What is the composition of the skin?
The skin is made of epithelial cells, exhibiting striated layers that demonstrate extensive morphology
The skin serves as a barrier and plays roles in protection and sensation.
When do epithelial cells first differentiate in the embryo?
During the eight-cell stage of embryonic development
This early differentiation is crucial for the formation of various tissues and organs.
How many skin cells does a person shed a day?
400,000
What happens to the body when levels of CO2 in the blood begin to rise?
The body can respond through hyperventilation or hypoventilation
Hyperventilation is rapid breathing, while hypoventilation is slow breathing.
What compound is formed when CO2 is bound to hemoglobin?
A carbamino compound
This compound plays a role in CO2 transport in the blood.
What effect does high CO2 and H+ concentrations have on hemoglobin’s affinity for O2?
The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is decreased
This is related to the Bohr effect, where increased acidity lowers hemoglobin’s oxygen binding affinity.
How does carbon monoxide enter the blood?
CO diffuses rapidly into the blood after entering through the lungs
This rapid diffusion contributes to the toxic effects of CO.
What is the effect of carbon monoxide on the body?
It causes hypoxia through the formation of COHb
COHb is carboxyhemoglobin, which is less effective at transporting oxygen.
What shift does carbon monoxide cause in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
A leftward shift
This shift indicates increased affinity of hemoglobin for O2, but reduced availability of oxygen to tissues.
What proteins does carbon monoxide bind to in the body?
It binds to heme-containing proteins, particularly cytochrome c oxidase and myoglobin
This binding disrupts normal cellular respiration and oxygen utilization.
