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Biology Core concepts > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

Convert 1m into mm

A

1000mm

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2
Q

how much is 1mm in micrometre

A

1000

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3
Q

How does 1 micrometre in nanometres

A

1000

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4
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscope over light microscope

A
  • light microscope only a few structures are easily visible within the cytoplasm
  • many more structures calleed organelles are visible in eukaryotic cells
  • electron microscope uses electrons (rather than light) have much shorter wavelength so microscope has a greater magnification and higher resolving power
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5
Q

What are organelles

A
  • specific roles within the cell
  • are surrounded by a membrane
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6
Q

What do membranes in organelles do

A
  • provide a large surface area for transport of molecules and attatchment of enzymes
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7
Q

What is the nucleus

A
  • largest organelle present in cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
  • contains DNA coding for protein synthesis
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8
Q

What does the nucleoplasm do

A

contains chromatin which condenses to form chromosomes during cell diviion

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9
Q

What surrounds the nucleus

A
  • double membrane the oiter membrane which is continuos with the endolasmic reticulum surrounds it
  • the membrane has pores that allow mRNA to leave nucleus
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10
Q

What does the nucleolus do

A
  • small spherical body found within the nucleus
  • resposible for the production of rRNA and ribosomes
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11
Q

What is the role of mitochondria

A
  • site of aerobic respiration
  • producing ATP
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12
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria

A
  • folded into structures called cristae which provide a large surface area for the attatchment of enzymes eg ATP synthetase
  • a fluid filled matrix contains lipids and proteins
  • 70s ribosomes and a small circle of DNA
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13
Q

Where are high numbers of mitochondria found

A
  • metabolically active cells
  • muscles and liver
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14
Q

where are chloroplasts found

A

found in photosynthetic plants

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15
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts

A
  • organelle surrounded by a double membrane and contains a fluid filled stroma with starch grains , 70 s ribosomes and a circle of DNA
  • thylakoid is flattened membrane
  • stacks of thylakoids contain photsynthetic pigments which include chlorophyll
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17
Q

what are endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • system of double membranes that form interconnected flattened fluid filled sacs called cristernae connected to nucelar envelope
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18
Q

What is the role of endoplasmic reticulum

A

transport of materials through the cell

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19
Q

What is the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum and function

A
  • ribosomes attatched to the outer surface
  • once proteins have synthesised at ribosomes they are transported via cristernae
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20
Q

What is the structure and function smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • lacks the ribosomes and is involved with the synthesis and transport of lipids
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21
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A
  • rRNA and protein
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22
Q

where are ribosomes found

A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

What is the role of ribosomes

A

assembly of proteins during translation

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24
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes

A
  • consisting of two subunites the small subunit contains a mRNA attatchment site and the large subunit two tRNA attatchment sites
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25
Q

What are the differences of sizes in ribosomes

A
  • eukaryotic cells - 80s - larger
  • prokaryotic cells - 70s - smaller
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26
Q

What is the golgi body

A
  • stack of curved cristernae
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27
Q

What is the role of the golgi body

A
  • vesicle containing polypeptides budd off the rough endoplasmic reticulum and fuse of the golgi
  • proteins are modified and packaged into vesicles by golgi body for exxport
  • also involved in transport and stroafe of lipids and production of glycoprotens and lysosomes
28
Q

What are lysosomes

A
  • small single membrane bound vacuoles that are pinched off from the golgi body containing digestive enzyme lysozyme
29
Q

What is the role of lysososmes

A
  • role is to digest worn out orrganelles within the cell and foreign material that has been engulfed by phagocytosis ef bacteria engulfed by a white blood cell
30
Q

What are centrioles where are they found

A
  • animal cells and protoctitians
  • noticabley absent from higher plants
  • consist of two rings of microtubules at right angles to each other they organise the microtubules that make the spindle during cell division
31
Q

What are vacoules

A
  • within plant cells large central vacoule surrounedd by tonopolast
  • main function of vacoule is in supporting soft plant tissues but also store chemicals such as glucose and amino acids in cell sap
32
Q

What is the cell wall made up of in plants

A

cellulose

33
Q

What is the cell wall in bacteria made up of

A

peptidoglycan

34
Q

what is the cell wall in fungi made up of

A

chitin

35
Q

What is the cell wall important in

A
  • providing strength to the cell wall which resists the expansion of the vacuole due to osmosis creating turgor and support for non woody plants
  • transport of water and dissolved molecules and ions through gaps in the cellulose fibres known as the apoplast pathway
  • communication between cells via pores in the cell wall which allow strands of cytoplasm called plasmodesmata to pass allows water to pass via the symplast pathway
36
Q

What are the differences between plant and animal cells

A

plant cell
* cell wall surrounding a membane
* chloroplast present (in cells above ground)
* large permanent single central vacoule
* no centrioles
* plasmodesmata
* starch grains used for energy storage
animal cells
* no cell wall membrane only
* chloroplasts never present
* small temporary vacoules
* centrioles
* no plasmodesmata
* glycogen granules used for energy storage

37
Q

what are prokaryotic cells eg bacteria and there structure

A
  • simplest and oldest cells on earth
  • lack a true nucleus instead posessing DNA loose within the cytoplasm and have no membranous organelles though some have infoldings of the membrane called mesosomes where respiration is thought to occur
  • the cell wall is made from peptidoglycan and the ribosomes are slightly smaller than those of eukaryotes at 70s
  • some bacteria contain plasmids (small rings of DNA) that contain antibiotic resistance genes
38
Q

what are viruses

A
  • don’t posess a cytoplasm, organelles or any chromosomes
  • core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called the caspid
39
Q

what are examples of viruses

A
  • examples inclue tobacco mosaic virus cause tobacco mosaic disease and HIV causes HIV-AIDS
40
Q

how does a virus reproduce

A
  • inert ‘virion’ incapable of reproducing or synthesising proteins without the use of a host’s cytoplasm
  • it is when they burst out of cells and reinfect healthy cells that damage occurs
41
Q

what is the formula for magnification

A
  • size of image/size of object
42
Q

organelle

A
  • a specialised structure found within eukaryotic cells that carries out a specific function for the cell
43
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • eukaryotes contain DNA in chromosomes in a nucleus and posess membrane bound organelles eg plants and animals
44
Q

resolving power

A
  • the minimum distance by which two points must be seperated in order for them to be seen as two distinct points rather than a single focused image
45
Q

prokaryotes

A

a single celled organism lacking membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus with its DNA free in the cytoplasm

46
Q

magnification

A

how many times bigger the image is compared to the object

47
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells working together with a common structure and function

48
Q

organ

A

a group of tissues in a structural unit working together and performing a specific structure

49
Q

Why are levels of organisation important

A
  • multicellular organisms need to possess specialised cells that form tissues and organs to do this
  • single celled organisms carry out all life processes within one cell
50
Q

What are the role of stem cells

A
  • undifferentiated (non specialised cells) in the embryo that can differentiate to form any tissue
51
Q

What are the four main types of tissue in mammals

A
  • nervous
  • connective
  • muscle
  • epithelial
52
Q

What is connective tissue

A
  • supports, connects and seperates the different tupes of tissues and organs of the body
  • cells are contained within an extracellular fluid or matrix and may be surrounded by elastic or collagenous fibres eg tendons and blood
53
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac muscle
54
Q

What is the skeletal muscle

A

bands of long cells or fibres giving powerful contraction and is used for locomotion in mammals

55
Q

What is smooth muscle

A
  • individual spindle shaped cells which contract rythmically but are not powerful so they are found in the walls of blood vessles, digestive and respiratory tracts
56
Q

What is cardiac muscle

A
  • stripes but lack long fibres
  • they contract rythmically and with some force
  • don’t tire easily
57
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A
  • covers and lines the body eg lining the intestines and trachea and covers our body as part of our skin
  • all epithelal cells sit on a basement membrane but cells do vary in shape and complexity
58
Q

What are the three types of epithelial cells

A
  • simple cubodial
  • columnar
  • squamous epitherlium
59
Q

what are simple cubodial epithelium

A
  • cells cube shape
  • tissue one cell thick
  • lining kidney tubules and ducts of glands
60
Q

What is columnar epithelium

A

cells are more rectangular may have cilia present eg lining the trachea

61
Q

what are squamous epithelium cells

A
  • consists of flattened cells
  • found in alveoli and lining arteries
62
Q

What are the level of organisation from smallest to largest

A
  • cells
  • tissues
  • organs
  • organ systems
63
Q

What is an organ systems

A
  • group of organs working togeether with a particular role
64
Q

What is the digestive system made up of

A
  • stomach
  • ileum
  • colon
65
Q

What is the circulatory system consist of

A
  • heart
  • arteries
  • capillaries
  • veins

Biology Core concepts (5 decks)

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