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biology test, structure of life > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of cells?

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the cytoplasm?

A

to keep the organelles safe and organized, help

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the nucleus?

A
  1. the control center of the cell, send information across the cell
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4
Q

what is the purpose of the nucleolus?

A

assemble ribosomes and producing the RNA that will be incorporated into ribosomes

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5
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

to regulate what goes in and out of the cell, keeping the structure of the cell

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6
Q

what is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

to protect the fragile cells of plant and prokaryotic cells, help retain form

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7
Q

what cell doesn’t have a cell wall?

A

animal cells

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8
Q

what is the purpose of the vacuoles?

A

to store water, salt, protein, and carbo hydrates

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9
Q

do plant cell vacuoles store more than animal cell ones? if so, why?

A

yes, plant cell vacuoles store more than their counterparts as cells don’t move so they use them to store food and materials they need for energy

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10
Q

what do lysosomes do? what are the?

A

they are small organelles filled with enzymes and help get rid of what the cell no longer needs

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11
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. support cell structure
  2. help with flexibility in the cell
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12
Q

what is the difference between microtubule and microfilaments? where are they located?

A
  1. they are both located in the cytoskeleton
  2. microtubule aids in support and structure, while microfilaments aid in flexibility
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13
Q

what do centrioles do and where are they found?

A

they are exclusive to animal cells and help with cell division/cell mitosis

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14
Q

what is mitosis?

A

the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division

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15
Q

what is the mitochondria and what does it do?

A

the mitochondria is the power house of the cell, converting chemical energy into ATP for the cell to use

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16
Q

what is the chloroplast and where is it found?

A

found in plant cells, the chloroplast takes sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.

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17
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

the purpose of the rough er is to create proteins using the ribosomes that it contains, making it appear grainy and darker

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18
Q

what is the function of the smooth ER?

A

to produce membrane lipids

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19
Q

what is the purpose/function of the ribosomes? where can they be found

A

commonly found in the rough ER or loosely in the cytoplasm, ribosomes are 1/2 of protein synthesize in the cell.

20
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

it’s the fedex of the cell. it checks the proteins and lipids, modifies them if necessary, and seals them so they can be transported

21
Q

what is the function of the flagella?

A

helps move bacteria

22
Q

Do baterias have cilia?

A

no. what thye have is pili, which looks like cilia but isn’t. it helps the cell attach to surfaces.

23
Q

what is the function of cilia?

A

to help cells move in water

24
Q

what is the cell membrane composed of?

A
  1. a semi-permeable lipid bilayer
  2. proteins
  3. cholesterol
25
Q

what are the three types of protein?

A
  1. receptor protein
  2. transport proteins
  3. recognition protein
26
Q

what are the two transport proteins?

A
  1. channel: allow molecules to move through a concentration gradient
  2. carrier: changes shape to help bigger molecules get through the membrane and into the cell
27
Q

describe transport proteins

A

help transport big molecules into the cell, as well as H2O since the tails are hydrophobic

28
Q

descrive receptor proteins

A

deals with the chemical signals between the cell and different molecules, signaling it to the cell. (handles hormones)

29
Q

describe recognition proteins

A

help cells identify other cells as healthy or foreign (ex. glycoprotein)

30
Q

what is the function of cholestrol?

A

to help maintain membrane flexibility

31
Q

what is the difference between passive and active transport?

A

active transport requires energy from the cell while passive does not

32
Q

what is passive transport?

A

the cell gets rid of and brings thins in until it reaches equilibrium

33
Q

what are the three types of passive transport?

A
  1. diffusion
  2. facilitated/simple diffusion
  3. osmosis
34
Q

describe diffusion

A

the movement of something going from high concentration to low concentration

35
Q

describe both facilitated and simple diffusion

A
  1. facilitated: uses transport proteins to move big molecules
  2. simple: easily gets through phospholipid layer
36
Q

descrie osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

37
Q

what is hypotonic?

A

when the water concentration on the outside of the cell is higher, causing it to go inside of the cell and swell.

38
Q

what is hypertonic?

A

wwhen there is a higher concentration of solution outside the cell, causing water to flow out of the cell, which then shrinks the cell.

39
Q

what is active transport?

A

the process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane from low to high concentration through the use of cellular energy

40
Q

describe protein pumps during active transport

A

the cell needs the help of protein pumps when transporting molecules like sodium and potasium

41
Q

describe bulk transport

A

cells invest energy to transport through vesicles as well as their motion

42
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

the process of taking in vesicles to move materials inside of the cell

43
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

it is the process in which a cell (typically ameoba or white blood cell) engulfs something it wants or needs to consume.

44
Q

describe pinocytosis

A

the uptake of extracellular fluids and dissolved solutes, such as fat droplets, vitamins, and antigens

45
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

the process by which a cell releases large molecules and waste from its cytoplasm to the outside of the cell

biology test, structure of life (4 decks)

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