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Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Name the animal cell organelles.

A

There is the cell membrane, cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi body, mitochondria, nucleus and lysosome.

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2
Q

Name the parts of a nucleus.

A

There is the nucleolus, nucleoplasm and nuclear envelope (and pores)

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

It synthesises ribosomes and ribosomal RNA.

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4
Q

Name the parts of a mitochondrion.

A

There is the cristae, the matrix and the inner and outer membranes.

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It controls the cell’s activities by controlling transcription of DNA

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

They aerobically respire to produce active transport proteins (ATP) which is used to provide energy for cell reactions.

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

They synthesise proteins.

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8
Q

Where are the ribosomes found?

A

They are found either in the cytoplasm of the cell or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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9
Q

Name the parts of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

There are ribosomes, cisterna and a double membrane of lamellae.

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10
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

They fold and process the proteins synthesised by the ribosomes, which are then transported to the Golgi body.

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11
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

They synthesise and process lipids.

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12
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A

After vesicles have transported proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi further processes them and then are moved around the cell in more vesicles. It also makes lysosome.

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13
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus made of?

A

It is a series of flattened layers of plate-like membranes.

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14
Q

How do vessel proteins travel from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface?

A

Protein secretory products are transported to the end of the Golgi cavity and pinched off into a vesicle so the membrane stays in tact. After moving through the cytoplasm, the vesicle fuses with the cell surface membrane to release the secretory products in a process called exocytosis.

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15
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

It contains digestive enzymes like lysozyme to break down invading cells.

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16
Q

What is the difference between SER and RER?

A

RER has ribosomes attached to it but SER doesn’t.

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17
Q

What is the function of a centriole?

A

They contain spindle fibres to help in the separation of chromosomes in cell division.

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18
Q

Name all the plant cell organelles.

A

There is cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane, chloroplasts, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, permanent vacuole, vacuole membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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19
Q

What is the main component of cell walls in plants?

A

Cellulose makes up the cell walls in plants.

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20
Q

Name the parts of a chloroplast.

A

There is the inner and outer membranes, thylakoid, granum, intergranal lamella and stroma.

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21
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

They contain chlorophyll to provide food for the plant by photosynthesis, which traps solar energy from the sun to do so.

22
Q

What is the function of a permanent vacuole?

A

They are sacs that store water and other dissolved substances in the cell. This maintains pressure, keeping the cell turgid so the plant doesn’t wilt

23
Q

What are the organelles in a prokaryotic cell?

A

There is the cell membrane, cell wall, slime capsule, flagellum, DNA, plasmid, ribosomes, cytoplasm and mesosome.

24
Q

What is the function of the slime capsule?

A

It prevents the desiccation (drying out) of the cell and protects it from antibiotics and viruses.

25
What is the function of the mesosome?
It is the infold of the cell membrane that increases surface area for respiration or photosynthesis.
26
Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes.
Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic ones. Prokaryotes contain 70S ribosomes where as eukaryotes contain 80S.
27
Give a description of the DNA in a prokaryotes.
The DNA is in a single circular loop which is not associated with proteins or chromosomes.
28
What is a plasmid?
They are small loops of DNA that can be shared between cells, containing useful genes like antibiotic resistance.
29
What is the cell wall made of?
In a prokaryote, it is made from murein which is a mix of polysaccharides and peptides.
30
What is the function of the flagellum?
It is used to move the cell.
31
Are viruses prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Viruses are neither but they are acellular non-living particles that are 1000x smaller than bacteria.
32
What are viruses made up of?
They consist of genetic material (RNA) in a protective protein coat called a capsid, enclosed in a lipid envelope. They also have attachment proteins to recognise a host.
33
What is a bacteriophage?
Bacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria, made from RNA, a capsid, a base plate and tail fibres.
34
What is HIV?
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is made from RNA, reverse transcriptase, protein capsid, matrix, lipid envelope and attachment proteins.
35
How do viruses replicate?
They require the aid of a living cell to reproduce so must detect a host cell and attach to it by connecting its attachment proteins to the protein marker on the membrane of the host cell. Then, the virus injects genetic material and the cell reproduces this, creating new viral proteins. Finally, the replications of the virus leave the cell by using some of the host cell's own membrane to form the complete virus. This bursting through the membrane destroys the host cell.
36
How do you calculate magnification?
The equation triangle is IAM (image size = actual size x magnification). Therefore, to calculate the magnification, the equation is image size / actual size. Always calculate everything in micrometres (mm x 1000).
37
What are the all the parts of a microscope?
A microscope contains the eyepiece lens, objective lenses, stage, lamp, coarse and fine focus knobs and base.
38
List some pros and cons of light microscopes.
Pros - they show true colours (when a stain isn't used), they can magnify up to 1500x, they can view living cells and organisms Cons - 1500x magnification isn't very high, they have a very big resolution of 0.2 micrometres, they often require staining for organelles to be seen, at highest magnification mitochondria can only just be seen.
39
List some pros and cons of electron microscopes.
Pros - have much higher magnification of 2x10 to the power of 6 and a small resolution of 0.1nm so can clearly see extremely small objects. Cons - require a vacuum so air particles don't interfere, killing any organisms, don't show colour
40
What are the two types of electron microscope?
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
41
What is a transmission electron microscope?
TEMs work by shooting a beam of electrons at a thin slice of a sample to detect what electrons do or don't make it through to the other side. This means they have a very high resolution and shows the inside of a cell, so the organelles can be viewed. They are 2D images.
42
What is a scanning electron microscope?
SEMs use a focused beam of high-energy electrons to reflect off the surface of structures. This means they have a 3D image and samples can be much larger and thicker than in a TEM.
43
How do you calibrate a microscope?
1. Place the stage micrometer on the stage of the microscope. 2. At the lowest magnification, align the stage micrometer and eyepiece graticule and make sure two lines meet each other. 3. Find the ratio of the number of divisions (lines) on the stage micrometer to the number of divisions on the eyepiece graticule. 4. Each stage micrometer is 1cm long and has 100 divisions, meaning each division is 100 micrometers. 5. This information can be used to find the value of the eyepiece graticule.
44
What is cell fractionation?
It is a process where cells are broken up and their different organelles are separated and collected based on their size. This is done using gravity and three different processes.
45
What are the three processes used in cell fractionation?
They are homogenisation, filtration and ultracentrifugation.
46
What are the properties needed for the solution?
The solution needs to be ice cold to reduce enzyme activity which prevents organelles from breaking down. It also needs to be isotonic (which means having the same water potential as the tissue), preventing organelles from bursting or shrivelling due to osmosis. Finally, the solution must be buffered to maintain a constant pH.
47
What is homogenisation?
It involves breaking up the tissue to open the cell membranes and release the organelles inside.
48
What is filtration?
The homogenate (homogenised solution) is filtered in order to remove large debris and cells that didn't break open. This is because they would sink to the bottom of the test tube and distrupt the centrifuging.
49
What is ultracentrifugation?
1. At a slow speed, the test tube is spun, which makes the larger organelles form a pellet at the bottom. This can now be collected. 2. At this point, the smaller organelles are still at the top in the liquid called the supernatant. 3. The supernatant is respun at higher and higher speeds so the smaller organelles can form their own pellets. Each time a pellet is formed, it is collected so the next largest organelle can take its turn.
50
What order are the fractionalised organelles collected?
The heaviest organelles form pellets and are collected first. Therefore, the nuclei is collected first, then the chloroplasts, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and finally ribosomes.

Biology (8 decks)

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