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IB Biology HL > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What does MR H GRENM stand for?

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Growth
Response
Excretion
Nutrition
Movement

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the enzyme controlled reactions taking place inside a cell (such as respiration)

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3
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Production of similar cells / organisms from an existing one. To do so a cell must contain genetic material.

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4
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Is maintaining an internal environment within narrow limits. (such as body temperature)

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5
Q

What is excretion?

A

Getting rid of metabolic waste

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6
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The taking in of chemical substances and used by the cell for energy, growth, and repair.

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7
Q

What is response?

A

Response to the stimuli - reaction to a change in environment

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8
Q

What is movement?

A

The ability to move or change position.

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9
Q

What is cell theory? (three points)

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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10
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus, a eukaryotic cell is either a plant, animal, fungi or protist cell.

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11
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A prokaryotic cell does not have a true nucleus, so the DNA is not contained, a prokaryotic cell is a bacteria.

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12
Q

What is an organelle?

A

An organelle is a discrete structure within a cell that has a particular function(s).

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13
Q

What is compartmentalisation in the cytoplasm of the cell?

A

Compartmentalisation allows division of labour within the cell. Specific tasks carried out by specific organelles are completed more efficiently.

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14
Q

What makes up an animal cell?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Golgi apparatus
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  5. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  6. Cytoplasm
  7. Centriole
  8. Lysosome
  9. Vacuole
  10. Mitochondria
    Nucleus
  11. Nuclear membrane
  12. Nucleolus
  13. Nucleus pore
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15
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

A semi-permeable membrane made from a phospholipid bilayer, it controls what enters and leaves the cell and it keeps the contents of the cell together.

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16
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus contains all of the genetic information in the form of DNA.

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17
Q

What is the Nucleolus?

A

Is an area in the nucleus that stains darker than, it is responsible for the production of ribosomes.

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18
Q

What is the nuclear envelop?

A

It is a bilayer surrounding the nuclear material.

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19
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It consits of mainly water with chemicals dissolved in it. It is the

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20
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

All of the liquid inside the cell

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21
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Is a semifluid medium in which chemical reactions take place and organelles are located.

22
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

Ribosomes produce proteins.

23
Q

What are the proteins made from free ribosomes used for?

A

Free ribosomes produce proteins for use inside of the cell.

24
Q

What are the proteins made from ribosomes produced from a ribosome attached to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) used for?

A

Proteins made from ribosomes attached to the ER are released and used outside of the cell.

25
Q

What size are the ribosomes in prokaryotes?

A

70S

26
Q

What are the size of the ribosomes in eukaryotes?

A

80S

27
Q

What are the two units ribosomes consist of?

A
  1. The bottom smaller unit holds the messenger RNA (mRNA) in place during the production of proteins.
  2. The large top unit has three sites to which the transfer RNA (tRNA) attach. The site allows the correct amino acids to be attached to the growing protein molecule.
28
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

A

The sER is a membrane network of tube, which is responsible for the production of carbohydrates, phospholipids, and steriods (Sex hormones).

29
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?

A

The rER is a membrane network of discs and sacs to which ribosomes are attached to, which is responsible for the production of proteins (and glycoproteins) mainly for export outside of the cell.

30
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

It is flattened membrane sacs which modifies, sorts and packages proteins for export outside of the cell.

31
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

It is the organelle where aerobic respiration takes place producing energy in the form of ATP.

32
Q

Mitochondria contain their own ___ and ___

A

DNA and Ribosomes

33
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

It is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in the cell to form ATP.

34
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

In the mitochondria

35
Q

What is the inter membrane space?

A

It is the small space that enables the raid creation of a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions. The concentration gradient is used to create ATP.

36
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A membrane sac (vesicle) with hydrolytic enzymes, only present in animal cells.

37
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A vesicle is a small round sac that is made of a single layer of membrane with material inside of it.

38
Q

What is the function of a vesicle?

A

The function of a vesicle is to transport substances around the cell or to store substances.

39
Q

What is an example of a vesicle?

A

Lysosomes, Transport vesicles, Secretory Vesicles, Perovisomes

40
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton are the elongated protein structures that give the cell support, aid transport of organelles and cell division.

41
Q

What is in a plant cell? (14)

A
  1. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Chloroplasts
  4. Central Vacuole
  5. Cell wall
  6. Plasma membrane
  7. Cytoplasm
  8. Ribosomes
  9. Golgi apparatus
  10. Starch granuoles
  11. Mitochondria
    Nucleus
  12. Nuclear pore
  13. Nucleolus
  14. Nuclear membrane
42
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

Chloroplast is a plastid and it is where photosynthesis takes place, which produces glucose. It is around 2-5 micrometers, and it is a rod shape.

43
Q

What is a plastid?

A

Plastids are double-membraned organelles that manufacture and store feed.

44
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy.

45
Q

What is a thylakoid membrane?

A

It is an extensive network of disc like structures within the the chloroplasts, which creates a large surface area.

46
Q

What is the thylakoid lumen?

A

The thylakoid lumen is the small space within the thylakoid discs, inside it allows a rapid build up of hydrogen ions which forms a concentration gradient. This is used for the production of ATP needed for photosynthesis.

47
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

It is a membrane bound sac used for the storage of water, carbohydrates, proteins, waste material, and pigments.

48
Q

What makes up a prokaryotic cell? (9)

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Plasma membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Nucleoid
  5. Plasmid
  6. Ribosomes
  7. Pili
  8. Flagella
  9. Capsule
49
Q

Can a cell have more than one nucleus?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory?

A

It is the theory of how the formation of compartmentalised eukaryotic cells happened. It believes that cells are in cells.

IB Biology HL (4 decks)

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