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module 2 > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

structure of cell surface membrane?

A

surface of animal cells
in cell wall of plant + prokaryotic cells
made of lipids + proteins

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2
Q

function of cell surface membrane?

A

regulates movement of substances in + out cell
receptor molecules - respond to chemicals

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3
Q

structure of cell wall?

A

rigid
made of cellulose

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4
Q

structure of nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope - double membrane + pores
chromatin - made of DNA + proteins
nucleolus

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5
Q

function of nucleus?

A

DNA -instructions to make proteins
pores - allow movement between cytoplasm + nucleus
nucleolus - makes ribosomes

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6
Q

structure of lysosome?

A

membrane bound
no internal structure

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7
Q

function of lysosome?

A

digestive enzymes - digest invading cells / break down worn out parts of cell

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8
Q

structure of ribosome?

A

floats free
attached to RER
made of proteins + RNA
no membrane

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9
Q

structure of RER?

A

system of membranes
fluid filled space
surface covered with ribosomes

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10
Q

function of RER?

A

folds + processes proteins

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11
Q

structure of SER?

A

same as RER
no ribosomes

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12
Q

structure of vesicle?

A

fluid filled sac
membrane bound

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13
Q

function of vesicle?

A

transports substances in + out cell

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14
Q

structure of golgi apparatus?

A

fluid filled flattened sacs
membrane bound
vesicles at edges

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15
Q

function of golgi apparatus?

A

processes + packages lipids / proteins
makes lysosomes

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16
Q

structure of mitchondrion?

A

double membrane
inner folds - cristae
inside cristae - matrix ( enzymes for respiration )

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17
Q

function of mitchondrion?

A

site of aerobic respiration
site of ATP production
require energy

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18
Q

structure of chloroplast?

A

flattened structure
double membrane
thylakoid membranes - stack up - grana
grana linked by lamellae - thin pieces of thylakoid

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19
Q

structure of centriole?

A

hollow cyclinders from microtubules
( protein cyclinders )

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20
Q

function of centriole?

A

involved in separation of chromosomes

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21
Q

structure of cilia?

A

cross section - outer membrane + ring of 9 pairs of microtubules
inside ring - 2 microtubules in centre

22
Q

function of cilia?

A

microtubules allow movement for susbtances

23
Q

structure of flagellum?

A

stick out cell surface
membrane bound
2 pairs of microtubules in centre
9 microtubules edge

24
Q

function of flagellum?

A

microtubules contract - movement

25
Q

where are proteins made?

A

ribosomes

26
Q

what proteins do the ribosomes on RER make?

A

the proteins attached to cell membrane

27
Q

what proteins do the free ribosomes in cytoplasm make?

A

the proteins that stay in cytoplasm

28
Q

what happens to the new proteins produced at RER?

A

are folded + processed

29
Q

where are the new proteins transported to?

A

golgi apparatus in vesicles

30
Q

what happens to the proteins at the golgi apparatus?

A

further processing + enter more vesicles to be transported around cells

31
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

network of proteins threads running through cytoplasm

32
Q

4 functions of cytoskeleton?

A

1) microtubules + microfilaments support cells’s organlles
2) strengthen + maintain cell shape
3) responsible for movement of materials
4) proteins cause movement - cilia + flagella from cytoskeleton protein filaments

33
Q

what does it mean by the cytoskeleton is dynamic?

A

constantly changing to allow response to changes in cell

34
Q

5 differences between eukaryotic + prokaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic:
larger
linear DNA
nucleus
cellulose cell wall
flagella made of microtubules

prokaryotic:
smaller
circular DNA
polysaccharide cell wall
flagella made of protein flagellin

35
Q

what type of cell is bacteria?

A

prokaryotic

36
Q

what is the resolution and magnification of a light microscope?

A

resolution - 0.2 micrometres
magnification - x 1500

37
Q

what does a light microscope view?

A

whole cells / tissues

38
Q

how do laser scanning confocal microscopes work?

A

laser beam
tagged with fluroscent dye
light focused through pinhole on detector

39
Q

what type of image does a laser scanning microscope produce?

A

3D

40
Q

what does a laser scanning microscope view?

A

different depths in thick specimens

41
Q

how do transmission electron micrscopes work?

A

electromagnets focus beams of electrons
transmitted through specimen
darker parts absorb more electrons

42
Q

what do transmission electron microscopes view?

A

range of organelles
only thin specimens

43
Q

how do scanning electron microscopes work?

A

scan beam of electrons
knocks off electrons from specimen
gather in cathode ray tube

44
Q

what do scanning electron microscopes view?

A

surface of specimens

45
Q

what type of image does a scanning electron microscope produce?

A

3D
lower resolution than TEM

46
Q

what are the 2 common stains for light microscopes + their functions?

A

methylene blue - stains DNA
eosin - stains cell cytoplasms

47
Q

why are different stains used in light microscopes?

A

they show different things

48
Q

how are samples stained for electron microscopes?

A

objects dipped in solution of heavy metals
metal ions scatter electrons - contrast

49
Q

how do you prepare a dry mount?

A

thin slice
tweezers, specimen in centre of slide
cover slip

50
Q

how do you prepare a wet mount?

A

drop of water on slide
tweezers, specimen
stand cover slip upright on slide + tilt
drop of stain next to 1 edge of cover slip
paper towel on opposite edge
stain gets drawn under slip

51
Q

what is an eyepiece graticule?

A

transparent ruler fitted onto eyepiece

52
Q

what is a stage micrometre?

A

microscopic slide with accurate scale

module 2 (3 decks)

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