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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are eukaryotic organisms made up of

A

Eukaryotic organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells

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1
Q

What is a prokaryotic organism?

A

A single celled organism that is a prokaryotic cell.

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2
Q

Examples of eukaryotic organisms

A

Plants and animals

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3
Q

Examples of prokaryotic organisms

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

What is a cell organelle

A

A cell organelle is part of a cell that carries out a specific function

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5
Q

Name all organelles in a animal cell

A 
Plasma surface membrane 
R.e.r 
Nucleolus 
Nucleus 
S.e.r
Lysosome 
Ribosome 
Nuclear envelope 
Golgi apparatus 
Cytoplasm 
Mitochondrion
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6
Q

What extra three organelles do plant cells have

A

A cell wall with plasmodesmata
A cell vacuole
Chloroplasts

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7
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A

In animals found on the cell surface and in plants inside the plant cell wall. Made of mainly lipids and proteins

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8
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell also has receptors on the surface which respond to chemicals such as hormones

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the cell wall

A

It has a rigid structure that surround the plant cell and is made of cellulose

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

It supports the plant cell

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11
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

Surrounded by a nuclear envelope that contains many pores. It contains chromatin and often a structure called the nucleolus

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12
Q

What is chromatin made of

A

Proteins and DNA

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13
Q

What does the DNA inside the nucleus do

A

Controls the cell activities

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14
Q

What do nuclear pores allow

A

The allow substances to pass from the cytoplasm and nucleus

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15
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus

A

It makes ribosomes

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16
Q

Describe the structure of a Lysosome

A

Round organelles surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure

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17
Q

What is the function of the Lysosome

A

It contains powerful digestive enzymes that digest invading cells or worn out cell components

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18
Q

Describe the structure of a ribosome

A

It is a small organelle made up of a small subunit and a large subunit. Floats free in the cytoplasm or attached to the R.e.r

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19
Q

Function of a ribosome

A

It is the site at which proteins are made

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20
Q

Describe the R.E.R

A

A system of membrane enclosing a fluid filled space with attached ribosomes

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21
Q

What functions do the RER carry out

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the SER

A

Similar to RER without ribosomes

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23
Q

What is the function of the SER

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

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24
Q

Describe the structure of the vesicle

A

Small fluid filled sac surround by a membrane found in the cytoplasm

25
Q

What is the function of the vesicle

A

Transport substances in and out the cell AND to and form organelles

26
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi body

A

A group of flattened fluid filled sacs. Vesicles can be found at the edge

27
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body

A

Processes and packages proteins and lipids. Also makes lysosomes

28
Q

Describe the structure of a centriole

A

Small, hollow rings containing a ring microtubules

29
Q

What is the function if a centriole

A

Involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division

30
Q

Describe the structure of cilia

A

Hair like structure found on the membrane of some animal cells. In a cross section of cilia, a ring of nine pairs of microtubules on the inside with, a pair in the middle.

31
Q

What is the function of cilia

A

Microtubules allow the cilia to move, as the cilia move it allows substances to move along the cell surface.

32
Q

Describe the structure of the flagellum

A

Similar to cilia but longer, sticking out from the cell surface and surrounded by a plasma membrane

33
Q

What is the function of flagellum

A

As the microtubules contract, the flagellum moves propelling the cell forward. E.g. Used in sperm.

34
Q

Describe the structure of a mitochondrion

A

Oval shaped. it has a double membrane. The inner membrane folds to form a cristae. Inside the matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration

35
Q

Is the function of a mitochondrion

A

The site of a aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced.

36
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast.

A

Surrounded by a double membrane. Also has membranes inside which stack up to form grana and are joined together by lamellae. There is also a fluid called stroma

37
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis. Some occurs in grana and others in the stroma

38
Q

Describe protein production when it is produced at the RER

A

Produced at ribosome attached to RER
Folded and processes at RER (eg sugar chains added)
Transported in vesicle to Golgi body
At Golgi body further processing
Transported in a vesicles in or out the cell

39
Q

Where do proteins in the cytoplasm stay?

A

They STAY IN THE cytoplasm!!!!

40
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The network of protein threads running through the cytoplasm

41
Q

What are the protein thread in the cytoskeleton arranged

A

They are arranged as microfilaments and microtubules.

42
Q

Four main function of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules and microfilaments support all organelles, keeping them in place.
Maintain and strengthen cell shape.
Transport the organelles and the materials within the cell
Proteins in the cytoskeleton can cause the cell to move.

43
Q

Compare cell size between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic small less that two micro metres, eukaryotic cells larger two to two hundred micro metres.

44
Q

Compare dna between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

DNA is circular in prokaryotic cells, it is free in cytoplasm and DNA is linear and found within the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

45
Q

Compare cell walls between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A 
Prokaryotic - made of peptidoglycan 
Eukaryotic 
Animal - no
Plant - cellulose 
Fungi - chitin
46
Q

Compare cell organelles between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic - no membrane bound

Eukaryotic - many membrane bound

47
Q

Compare ribosomes between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Smaller in prokaryotic cells and larger in eukaryotic

48
Q

What is the formula for magnification

A

Magnification = length of image/length of specimen

49
Q

List the common units for magnification

A

Millimetres 1mm
Micrometres 0.001 mm
Nanometres 0.000001mm

50
Q

In magnification how do you go from a smaller to a bigger unit

A

Divide by 1000

51
Q

State the two types of micro scope and their resolution

A

Light and it has a very low resolution

Electron and they have very high resolutions

52
Q

How does a transmission electron microscope work?

A

Electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons, which is then transmitted through a specimen, denser parts absorb more electrons making them appear darker

53
Q

Advantages of TEM

A

High resolution images

54
Q

Disadvantages of TEM

A

Must be thinly sliced

55
Q

How does a SEM work

A

Scan a beam of electrons across the specimen this knocks of electrons, they gather in the cathode ray tube to form an image

56
Q

Advantage of SEM

A

The images can be 3D

57
Q

Disadvantages of SEM

A

Lower resolution images when compared to TEM

58
Q

Compare resolution across the microscopes

A

Light is 0.2 micrometers
TEM is 0.0001 micrometers
SEM is 0.005 micrometers

59
Q

Compare the magnification across the microscopes

A

Light is x1500
TEM is x 1,000,000 more than
SEM is x1,000,000 less than

60
Q

Describe staining samples for both types of microscopes

A

In light microscopes using a dye type stain such as methylene blue, creates contrast needed
In electron microscopes, the objects are dipped in metals such as leads for a contrast to occur

Biology (14 decks)

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