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Biology > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • contains membrane enclosed organelles
  • have DNA in the firm of chromosomes in the nucleus
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2
Q

What is in the nucleus

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear pores
  • chromatin
  • nucleolus
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3
Q

What is the role of the nucleus

A
  • largest organelle
  • contains DNA, and genetic material
  • instructions for cellular processes
  • has hereditary information
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4
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A
  • double membrane
  • protects the content of nucleus from damage in the cytoplasm
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5
Q

What is the nuclear pores?

A
  • allows substances to enter and leave the cell
  • mainly allows RNA out bc DNA is too big as well as enzymes and ribosomes
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6
Q

What are chromatin?

A
  • DNA wrapped around histones (proteins) which then condense to make chromosomes
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7
Q

What is the nucleolus

A
  • area in Nucleus responsible for making ribosomes
  • composed of proteins and RNA
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8
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • made of a network of flattened sacs called cisternae
  • makes proteins, calcium storage, lipid metabolism, synthesis of carbs and lipids
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9
Q

What is the rough ER

A
  • main site of protein synthesis
  • lined with ribosomes => cause its roughness
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10
Q

What is the smooth ER

A
  • responsible for synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids
  • detoxification of drugs and toxins
  • synthesises lipids such as cholesterol and phospholipids
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11
Q

What is the mitochondria

A
  • the site of aerobic respiration and produces ATP
  • has a double membrane and contains own DNA
  • Inner membrane folds to form cristae => increases SA => more resp
  • releases energy

0 contains DNA and ribosomes for replication

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12
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate

  • stores and releases energy for cellular processes through cellular respiration
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13
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A
  • also known as the plasma membrane
  • made of lipids and proteins and is formed by phospholipid belayer
  • it is partially permeable and controls what enters and leaves the cell
  • role in cell signalling = cells detect signals from other cells
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14
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A
  • made of cisternae (flattened membranous sacs)
  • modifies and processes and packages proteins to be transported
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15
Q

What are Golgi vesicles

A
  • small membrane bound sacs, bud off Golgi apparatus
  • transport proteins and lipids to places within the cell or to cell membrane to be secreted
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16
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • specialised vesicles that contain enzymes (digestive and hydrolytic)
  • break down waste products
  • used in phagocytosis

-small organelles filled with enzymes

17
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

a network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm

  • control cell structure and movement
18
Q

What does the cytoskeleton consist of?

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, centrioles

19
Q

What are microfilaments?

A
  • threadlike structures/fibres made up of a protein called actin
  • contractile fibres needed for cytokinesis and cell movement
20
Q

What are microtubules

A

hollow structures made up of the protein tubulin, they maintain a cells shape

  • act as scaffolding
  • dictate shape
  • transport system for movement of vesicles and organelles
21
Q

what are intermediate fibres

A
  • fibres give mechanical strength to cells
  • help maintain their integrity.
22
Q

What are centrioles?

A
  • help organize cell division
  • formed from tubulin and located near the nucleus.
  • made of microtubules
  • two form centrosome = needed for organising spindles in cell division
  • in eukaryotic cells apart from flowering plants and fungi
23
Q

What is in a plant cell?

A
  • nucleus and its contents
  • Rough and Smooth ER
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • vacuole
  • chloroplast
  • Golgi apparatus and vesicles
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
24
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A
  • have a double membrane
  • site of photosynthesis
  • contains chlorophyll in thylakoid = trap light
  • inner fluid is stroma
  • fluid filled membrane sacs are thylakoids
  • sacs stack on top of each other to form granum
  • photosynthesis takes place in grana and stroma
  • contains own DNA and ribosomes
25
Q

What is the vacuole?

A
  • membrane bound sac
  • membrane is called tonoplast = allows certain substances/molecules in
  • contributes to growth

— detoxification

  • cellular homeostasis

Biology (4 decks)

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