Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

Collection of similar cells that perform a specific function

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2
Q

What is an Organ?

A

A combination of coordinated tissues that perform a variety of functions and often have a predominant function.

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3
Q

What is an Organ System?

A

Organs work together as a single unit known as an organ system. Organs are grouped together to perform functions more effectively.

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4
Q

What is the role of the Nucleus?

A

Nucleus contains the organisms geneticinformation (DNA) and controls all the activities of the cell.

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5
Q

What does the Nucleus Contain?

A

-Nuclear envelope: A double membrane that controls the exit and entry of materials and contains the reactions taking place within it.
-Nucleolus: Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes.
-Nucleoplasm: jelly like materiel which makes up most of the nucleus.
-Nuclear pores: Allows passage of large molecules e.g. MRNA out of the nucleus.

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6
Q

Ribosome

A

Site for protein synthesis - Contains a large and small sub unit
- Ribosomes are smaller in prokaryotic cells (70s) than eukaryotic cells (80s)

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7
Q

What is the role of the Mitochondria?

A

Site of Aerobic respiration, so is responsible for the production of ATP from respiratory substrates to release energy.

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8
Q

What are the structures of the Mitochondria?

A

Outer and inner membrane (double membrane): controls the the entry and exit of material

Cristae: Provides a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration.

Matrix: contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA to allow mitochondria to produce its own proteins. Contains enzymes involved in respiration too.

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9
Q

Chloroplast

A

Chloroplast envelope: Double plasma membrane which is highly selective in what it allows to enter and leave the chloroplast.

Grana- (stacks of thylakoids) contains chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

Contains both DNA and ribosomes thus can quickly and easily manufacture proteins needed for photosynthesis.

Stroma- responsible for synthesis of sugars (contains starch grains)

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10
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-Has ribosomes on its outer surface
- Provides a large surface for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins.

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11
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

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12
Q

Which Polysaccharide is the cell wall of eukaryotic cells made from?

A

Cellulose- provides strength in order to prevent it the cell from bursting under the pressure created by an osmotic entry of water

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13
Q

Vacuoles

A

Fluid filled sac surrounded by a membrane tonoplast

Contains cell sap ( solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes and pigments.)

Sugars and Amino Acids act as a temporary food store.

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Processes, packages and sometimes modifies new proteins and lipids

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15
Q

Golgi Vesicle

A

Stores the lipids and proteins and transports them to the cell surface membrane
Fuses with the membrane and releases its contents outside (exocytosis).

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

Releases lysozymes (hydrolyric enzymes)
-hydrolyses material ingested by phagocytic cells
-Digests worn out organelles
-Completely breaks down cells after they have died (Autolysis)

17
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Stucture

A

-No membrane bound organelles
-smaller ribosomes
-Cell wall is made from murein
-Slime capsule (form of protection)
-Single circular DNA
-Plasmids: allows independent reproduction and resistance to harmful chemicals
-Flagella

18
Q

Virus Structure

A

Genetic material as RNA
Capsid which contains the above
Lipid Envelope
Attachment proteins
Matrix

19
Q

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus
DNA in eukaryotic cells is associated with proteins called histones
Prokaryotic cells don’t have membrane bound organelles
Smaller ribosomes in prokaryotes