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Biology Component 1 As > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ribosomes

A
  • involved in protein synthesis
  • made of a large and small subunit
  • constructed from rRNA and protein
  • 70s in prokaryotes
  • 80s in eukaryotes
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2
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • series of flattened sacs
  • double memrbraned cristernae leading on from the nuclear envelope
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3
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • covered in ribosomes for protein syntheisis
  • cristernae then transport the protein
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4
Q

Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • synthesis and transport of lipids
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5
Q

What is the role of the golgi body

A
  • modifies and packages proteins
  • produces secreting enzymes
  • secretes carbohydrates
  • produces glycoprotiens
  • transports and stores lipids
  • forms lysosomes and digestive enzymes
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6
Q

How many micrometres in a millimetre

A

1000

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7
Q

how many millimetres in a metre

A

1000

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8
Q

How many nanometres in a mircometre

A

1000

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9
Q

What is the vacoule

A
  • cell sap
  • surrounded by tonoplast membrane
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10
Q

What is the cell wall

A
  • cellulose microfibrils and pectin
  • fully permeable for the transport of ubstances
  • provides strength to the plant
    communicated through the cell wall via plasmodesmata
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11
Q

What are centrioles

A
  • Only found in animal cells
  • 2 cylinders odf microtubules that form the spindle in cell division
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12
Q

What is the cell theory

A
  • states that new cells are formed from exisiting cells and the cell is fundemantal unit of structure, function and organisation in all living organisms
  • Animal and plant cells are euakryotic
  • contain membrane bound organelles DNA is found within a nucleus
  • cell walls are made of cellulose ribosomes are 80s and aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria
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13
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory

A
  • 70s ribosomes and Dna in both mitochondria and chloroplasts exkain they were once free living cells engulfed by ancient bacteria
  • hence a symbiotic relationship develiped with them
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14
Q

What dies the nuclear envelope do

A
  • double membrane with pores that allow mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus
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15
Q

What does the nucleolus do

A
  • rRNa and ribosomes are made here
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16
Q

What does chromatin do

A
  • DNA coils bound to protein code for protein synthesiss
17
Q

What is the rrole and how does the structure help this of mitochondria

A
  • aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria
  • cylindircla shape for a large surface area and reduced diffusion distance
  • the inner membrane is folded into crisae
  • the crista have stalked particles involved in ATP synthesis
  • Critae inncreaes the surface area for ATP synthesis
18
Q

What do chloroplasts containto help with their function

A
  • thylakoid membranes of the chlorplasts contain chlorophyll
  • pigment that traps light energy for photsynthesis
19
Q

What are prokaryotes

A
  • Bacteria are prokaryotic cells
  • contain no membrane bound organelles
20
Q

Describe the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Porkaryotes
* DNA free in cytoplasm
* ribsomes in 70s
* peptidoglycan cell wall
* memsomes for aerobic respiration
Euakryotes
* DNa in nulcues
* ribosomes 80s
* cellulose cell wall
* mitochondira for aerobic respiration

21
Q

What are viruses

A
  • Nucleic acids inside the capsid of DNA or RNA
  • capsid a protein coat
  • not a living thing
  • no cytoplasm or organelles
  • injectss it genetic material into a living cell then creates more virus particles
22
Q

What is epithelial tissues and the type

A
  • continuous layers of cells on internal and external surface
  • cubodial - simplest one cell thick eg kidney
  • columbar - elongateed can have ciclia eg trachea
  • squamous - flatteded eg alveolar walls
23
Q

What is a tissue

A

group of cells with the same structure and function working togther

24
Q

What is muscle tissues and the type

A
  • tisue able to contract
  • skeletal - striated (striped) voluntary attatchedto bones for locomotion
  • smooth - spindle shaped cells no stripes involuntary eg skin digestive tract
  • cardiac - heart muscle striated short fibres without nerve stimulation does not tire
25
Q

What is connective tissue

A
  • seperates tissues and organs
  • elastic and collagen
  • blood, bone and cartliage
26
Q

What is an organ

A
  • group of tissues working togehter to perform a particular function
27
Q

What is an organ system

A
  • a system of organs working together with a particular role
28
Q

What is an organism

A
  • all the systems working together forming a discrete individual

Biology Component 1 As (6 decks)

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