Cell Structure Flashcards
What Are Prokaryotic Cells and what do they Do
Small Simple cells
They don’t have a nucleus or cell organelles
Has DNA that floats around freely
All bacteria is prokaryotic
These cells can reproduce asexually and can respire anaerobically.
What Are Eukaryotic Cells and what do they do
All plants and animals are eukaryotic
They are more advanced than prokaryotic cells
They have a nuclease and cell organelles
They may reproduce sexually and asexually and can respire aerobically and/or anaerobically
What are the 5 levels of the body
What is Cell Theory
Cell –> Tissue –> Organs –> Organ systems –> Organisms
Everything is made of cell’s
Cell’s are produced from other cells
Cell’s are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
What Do Cells Consist of
Cell Membrane - The outer boundary of the cell
Cytoplasm - parts of the cell within the cell membrane, except for the nucleus, including the jelly like fluid and organelles within.
Organelles - structures in the cytoplasm that carry out particular functions
Cytosol - The liquid part of the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton - Internal scaffolding of protein fibres with the cytoplasm
Inclusions - Chemical substances as granules or liquid droplets in the cytoplasm
What is The Cell Membrane, what does it do?
The CM is a fatty membrane and the outer boundary of the cell separating the inside of the cell from its environment (extracellular space.)
Has a double layer made of: Phospholids, cholesterol and various proteins
The CM can be folded to increase surface area (These folds are called microvilli)
What is the Nucleus (Nuclei), what does it do?
The nuclei has, DNA that is stored inside which controls the type of proteins made and the chemical reactions that occur in the cell.
The DNA forms:
Chromatin (when cell isn’t dividing) and Chromosomes when the cell is dividing.
The Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by nuclear membrane (double membranes which contain nuclear pores). If the Nucleus is removed or damage it can lead to the cell to die. The Nucleus is the largest organelle
Some cells don’t have a nucleus like a red blood cell and other cells have more than one like skeletal muscle cells.
What is the Nucleolus, what does it do
The Nucleolus is composed of RNA (ribonucleic acid), it produces ribosomes which play a part in protein synthesis.
Both DNA and the nucleolus are found in the nucleoplasm.
What Are Ribosomes, what do they do
Ribosomes are small spherical organelles that are either found free in the cytoplasm or bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum which gives it, its grainy appearance)
Ribosomes are where proteins are constructed from amino acids in a sequence determined by DNA
What Is Endoplasmic Reticulm, what does it do
ER is flattened, sac like membranes that extend throughout the cytoplasm to the cell.
The E.R’s function
-provides a surface for chemical reactions. The inner channels of the endoplasmic reticulum store and transport molecules
The Two types of E.R are:
- Rough E.R which is lined with ribosomes and transports proteins around the cell
- Smooth E.R which doesn’t have any ribosomes and is involved in the manufacture of lipids.
What is the Golgi Body, what does it do
The Golgi body/Golgi Apparatus is an organelle consisting of parallel smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes.
The Golgi Function
-Modify’s and package proteins, lipids and carbohydrates into vesicles (membrane bound sacks) for exporting from the cell
- Producing Lysosomes
- The Proteins produced by ribosomes pass through the E.R to the Golgi body
What Are Lysosomes, what do they do
Lysosomes are membranes bound by vesicles (formed by Golgi)
They contain powerful enzymes that break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and some carbohydrates.
Lysosomes export or used to destroy foreign materials, or redunted cell structures.
Lysosomes can also cause the cell to self destruct if the cell is damaged
What Is Mitochondrion (mitochondria), what does it do?ns
Mitochondrion are sausaged shaped organelles that each have a double membrane:
- The 1st smooth outer layer that surrounds the mitochondrion
- The 2nd inner membrane (Cristae) that has folds that : extend into the interior of the organelle, and the folds increase the surface area for chemical reactions to occur. the main site for aerobic cellular respiration, where energy is released from chemical reactions to produce ATP (an energy storage molecule)
What Is the Cytoskelton, what does it do
The Cytoskeleton is the framework of protein fibres that : give the cell its shape and assist in the movement of materials/organelles or in the entire cell
It consists of:
Microtubes - hollow rods that keep organelles in place or more them around the cell
Microfilaments - Moves materials around the cytoplasm or moves the whole cell
What are the Centrioles, what does it do
Centrioles are a pair of cylindrical structures composed of microtubes.
They play a vital role in cell division (Mitosis) by forming the spindle fibres that help to pull apart the sister chromatids of a chromosome
What Is Cilia And Flagella, what do they do
Cilia are short and numerous projections resembling tiny dots, they move materials past the surface of the cell. e.g. mucus
Flagella are longer projections that are thread like, the move the whole cell from one place to another. only one or two are found e.g. sperm
