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BIO 3.2 - cells > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell.

A

eukaryotic - DNA is contained in a nucleus, contains membrane-bound organelles.
e.g. animal and plant cells.

prokaryotic - small, circular DNA molecule free in the cytoplasm, no membrane bound organelles.
e.g. bacteria.

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2
Q

outline the relationship between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

A

specialised cells - tissues that perform a specific function - organs made of several tissue types - organ systems.

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3
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus.

A

surrounded by the nuclear envelope, semi-permeable double membrane.

nuclear pores allow substances to enter/exit.

dense nucleolus. (site of rRNA production and makes ribosomes).

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4
Q

describe the function of the nucleus.

A

contains DNA coiled around chromatin into chromosomes.

site of mRNA production and transcription, and semi-conservative replication.

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5
Q

describe the structure of the mitochondrion.

A

surrounded by double membrane.

inner membrane forms cristae (site of electron transport chain)

fluid centre = mitochondrial matrix.

loop of mitochondrial DNA.

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6
Q

describe the function of a mitochondrion.

A

site of aerobic respiration.

site of ATP production.

DNA to code for enzymes needed for respiration.

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7
Q

describe the structure of a chloroplast.

A

plastid with a double membrane.

contains thylakoids (flattened discs stack to form grana - contain photosystems with chlorophyll)

fluid filled stroma contain enzymes for photosynthesis.

found in plants.

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8
Q

state the function of chloroplasts.

A

site of photosynthesis to convert solar energy to chemical energy.

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9
Q

describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus.

A

folded membranes - cisternae.

stack of membrane-bound flattened sacs.

secretory vesicles pinch off of cisternae.

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10
Q

describe the function of the Golgi apparatus.

A

modifies and packages proteins for transport.
e.g. adding carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins.

synthesises glycoproteins.

once modified, vesicles pinch off modified molecule so it can be transported.

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11
Q

describe the structure of a lysosome.

A

bags of digestive enzymes.
can contain 50 different enzymes.

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12
Q

describe the function of a lysosome.

A

hydrolyse phagocytic cells.

completely break down dead cells - autolysis.

exocytosis of digestive enzymes to outside of cell to destroy material.

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13
Q

describe the structure of a ribsome.

A

small, made up of two sub-units - protein and rRNA.

free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER.

two different sizes - 80s (eukaryotic) and 70s (prokaryotic, mitochondria and chloroplasts)

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14
Q

describe the function of ribsomes.

A

site of protein synthesis via translation.
large subunit - joins amino acids.
small subunit - contains mRNA binding site.

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15
Q

describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

folded membranes - cisternae.
many ribosomes attached.

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16
Q

describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

protein synthesis.

17
Q

describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

folded membranes - cisternae.

no ribosomes.

18
Q

describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

lipid synthesis.

stores lipids and carbohydrates.

19
Q

describe the structure of the cell wall.

A

in plants and fungi cells.

plants:
made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer.

fungi:
made of chitin, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide.

20
Q

state the functions of the cell wall.

A

structural strength to the cell.

physical barrier against pathogens.

21
Q

describe the structure of the vacuole in plants.

A

surrounded by single membrane - tonoplast.

filled with cell sap - mineral ions, water, enzymes, soluble pigments.

22
Q

describe the function of the vacuole in plants.

A

makes cells turgid - controls turgor pressure.

temporary store of sugars and amino acids.

23
Q

explain some common cell adaptations.

A

folded membrane or microvilli - increase surface area e.g. for diffusion.

many mitochondria - large amounts of ATP for active transport.

walls one cell thick - reduce distance of diffusion pathway.

24
Q

state the structure of plasmids in prokaryotes.

A

small loops of DNA which only carry a few genes.

25
Q

state the role of plasmids in prokaryotes.

A

where antibiotic resistance genes would be found if bacteria have some.

26
Q

state the role of flagella in prokaryotes.

A

rotating tail propels organism.

27
Q

state the role of the capsule in prokaryotes.

A

polysaccharide layer.

prevents desiccation.
acts as a food reserve.
provides protection against phagocytosis.

28
Q

give 3 similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

A

both have:

cell membrane.
cytoplasm.
ribosomes.

29
Q

contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

A

pro - small cells and always unicellular.
euk - larger cells and often multicellular.

pro - no membrane-bound organelles and no nucleus.
euk - always have membrane-bound organelles and nucleus.

pro - circular DNA not associated with proteins.
euk - linear chromosomes associated with histones.

pro - small ribosomes.
euk - large ribosomes.

pro - binary fission, always acellular reproduction.
euk - mitosis and meiosis, sexual and/or asexual.

pro - murein cell walls.
euk - cellulose cell wall (plants) / chitin (fungi).

30
Q

why are viruses referred to as ‘particles’ instead of cells?

A

acellular and non-living.

no cytoplasm, cannot self-reproduce, no metabolism.

31
Q

describe the structure of a virus particle.

A

linear genetic material (DNA or RNA).

viral enzymes e.g. reverse transcriptase.

surrounded by capsid (protein coat made up of capsomeres).

no cytoplasm.

32
Q

describe the structure of an enveloped virus.

A

simple virus surrounded by matrix protein.

matrix protein surrounded by envelope derived from cell membrane of host cell.

attachment proteins on surface.

33
Q

state the role of the capsid on viral particles.

A

protect nucleic acid from degradation by restriction nucleases.

surface sites enable viral particle to bind to and enter host cells or inject their genetic material.

34
Q

state the role of attachment proteins on viral particles.

A

enable viral particle to identify and bind to complementary sites on the host cell.

BIO 3.2 - cells (5 decks)

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