Cell Structure

Question 1

What caused scientists to discover the existence of cells?

Answer 1

The discovery of cells was made possible by the development of the microscope in the 17th century.

Question 2

What are the small rooms that monks lived in called?

Answer 2

Cells

Question 3

What did Hooke observe in the cork slice?

Answer 3

In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork which were actually remains of dead plant cells.

Question 4

What discovery is van Leeuwenhoek noted for?

Answer 4

In 1674, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was first to discover living cells, which were bacteria and protozoa by looking at the gunk on his teeth.

Question 5

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

Answer 5

• All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
• Cells are the basic unit of life.
• All cells come from preexisting cells.

Question 6

The cell theory was…

Answer 6

first identified in 1665 and was the end result of many scientific investigations.

Question 7

What is Matthias Schleiden noted for?

Answer 7

In 1838, he concluded that all plants are composed of cells.

Question 8

What is Theodor Schwann noted for?

Answer 8

In 1839, he stated that all animals are composed of cells.

Question 9

What is Rudolph Virchow noted for?

Answer 9

In 1855, he proposed that all cells come from preexisting cells.

Question 10

The difference between what elements organic & inorganic compounds contain:

Answer 10

Organic compounds usually contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. they always contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. Inorganic compounds contain all the known elements. They may contain carbon but don’t contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Question 11

Where are organic & inorganic compounds usually found?

Answer 11

Organic compounds are mainly found in most of living things. Inorganic compounds are found in non-living things.

Question 12

In what are organic & inorganic compounds soluble in?

Answer 12

Organic compounds are generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Inorganic compounds are soluble in water and non-soluble in organic solvents.

Question 13

What is single bond, double bond, and triple bond?

Answer 13

single bond: two atoms share a pair of electrons.
double bond: two atoms share two pairs of electrons.
triple bond: two atoms share three pairs of electrons.

Question 14

What are the energy levels?

Answer 14

K2 L8 M8 N2

Question 15

What are the electrons on the outer energy level called?

Answer 15

valence electrons

Question 16

Why does the energy level have to have the full capacity of electrons?

Answer 16

So that they attain stability, and to do so they either share electrons, or lose/gain with other atoms.

Question 17

Explain covalent and ionic bonds.

Answer 17

When atoms share electrons, they form a covalent bond, while when they lose/gain they form ionic bond.

Question 18

Can covalent bonds be single, double, or triple?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

Polymer:

Answer 19

a large molecule formed of smaller molecules called monomers (building blocks).

Question 20

Polymerization:

Answer 20

a chemical process in which monomer molecules combine to form a polymer.

Question 21

What are the carbohydrates made up of? Why are they important to living things?

Answer 21

Carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules and are essential for the survival of living organisms, as they’re the primary source of energy.

Question 22

Why are complex carbohydrates healthier than simple carbohydrates?

Answer 22

Complex carbohydrates are healthier than simple carbohydrates because they provide more consistent energy and better blood sugar control, whereas simple carbohydrates can harm your health as blood sugar spikes and crashes.

Question 23

Imagine you’re a nutritionist advising a person with diabetes on carbohydrate intake. What type of carbohydrates would you recommend they consume and avoid?

Answer 23

I would recommend focusing on complex carbohydrates like whole grains and vegetables while avoiding simple carbohydrates like sugary snacks and beverages to help manage blood sugar levels in diabetes.

Question 24

What is polymerization used to produce?

Answer 24

It’s used to produce various materials, such as plastics, rubber, and fibers.

Question 25

Why are polymers classified as macromolecules?

Answer 25

Because of their polymeric nature and their large size.

Question 26

Macromolecule:

Answer 26

a giant molecule that is typically composed of a very large number of atoms chemically bonded to each other.

Question 27

Where does the word polymer come from?

Answer 27

It comes from the Greek words poly meaning “many” and meros meaning “parts”.

Question 28

What are plastics?

Answer 28

Plastics are synthetic polymers that can be shaped by heat or pressure.

Question 29

List characteristics of carbohydrates:

Answer 29

• a major source of energy from our diet.
• composed of the elements C, H, and O.
• also called saccharides, which means ‘sugars”.

Question 30

List the types of complex carbohydrates:

Answer 30

• starch
• glycogen
• fiber

Question 31

List the types of simple carbohydrates(monosaccharides):

Answer 31

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

Question 32

List the types of simple carbohydrates(disaccharides):

Answer 32

• maltose (glucose + glucose)
• sucrose (glucose + fructose)
• lactose (glucose + galactose)

Question 33

Glycogen:

Answer 33

a stored form of glucose in the humans and animals mainly in the river and the muscle.

Question 34

Starch:

Answer 34

• a stored form of glucose in the plant mainly in its seed and roots.
• it is highly branched (complex) molecule.
• it contains two types of polymers one of them branched (amylopectin) and the other one unbranched (amylose).

Question 35

Plants contain cellulose, a large complex carbohydrate. Cellulose is the main component of cell walls in plants. Humans use cellulose in many different ways:

Answer 35

• cellulose from cotton plants is used to make fabric.
• cellulose from wood pulp is used to make paper and cardboard.

Question 36

Where does the heat generated when other plant materials burn come from?

Answer 36

Comes from the chemical energy stored in cellulose.

Question 37

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 37

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Question 38

Characteristics of simple and complex carbohydrates:

Answer 38

Simple:
- digested fast
- quick source of energy

Complex:
- not digested fast
- steady release of energy

Question 39

Macromolecules (also called polymers):

Answer 39

large organic molecules, which are made up of smaller “building blocks” called monomers. Ex: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acid.

Question 40

Examples of saturated & unsaturated fats:

Answer 40

Example of saturated fat are, meat, dairy products, eggs, coconut oil, and palm oil. Examples of unsaturated fat are, avocados, nuts, seeds, olives, natural nut butters, plant oils.

Question 41

Texture differences of saturated & unsaturated fats:

Answer 41

Saturated is solid at room temperature, whereas unsaturated is liquid at room temperature.

Question 42

Saturated & unsaturated fat insulin resistance:

Answer 42

Saturated increases insulin resistance, whereas unsaturated decreases insulin resistance.

Question 43

Saturated & unsaturated fat cholesterol:

Answer 43

Saturated raises LDL cholesterol and TAG levels, whereas unsaturated lowers LDL cholesterol and raises HDL cholesterol.

Question 44

Lipids function:

Answer 44

1. Precursors of hormone
2. It helps in digestion
3. It provides store of energy
4. It provides metabolic fuel
5. This is part of the cell membrane