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Biology year 1 > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Magnification-
Resolution-

A

-number of times larger an object appears compared to original size of object
-clarity of image, ability to distinguish between 2 close together objects

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2
Q

Light microscope

A

-cheap, easy to use, can study whole living organisms
-magnification of x1500-2000 can’t magnify higher due to resolution
-small organelles can’t be seen eg. ribosomes

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3
Q

Laser scanning microscope

A

-high resolution showing high contrast
-use laser light to scan an object and a computer displays the image
-used to observe living organisms
-has depth selectivity

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4
Q

TEM

A

Transmission electron microscope
-specimen chemically fixed and stained
-electrons pass through specimen and focused on the screen
-forming 2D black and white image
-can have mag. up to x50 million

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5
Q

SEM

A

Scanning electron microscope
-electrons don’t pass through specimen but bounce off the surface to be focused on a screen
-gives 3D image with mag. up to x200,000
-black and white image but computer programmes can add false colour
-specimen placed in vacuum and coated with fine film of metal

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6
Q

Different stains

A

-acetic orcein- binds to DNA staining chromosomes dark red
-Eosin stains cytoplasm
-Sudan red stains lipids
-Iodine stains starch granules blue/black and cellulose in cell walls yellow

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7
Q

Nucleus, nuclear envelope, nucleolus structure(3) and function(3)

A

Structure
-nucleus surrounded by envelope which contains pores
-nucleolus doesn’t have a membrane and contains RNA
-chromatin consisting of DNA wrapped around histones is in nucleus
Function
-envelope separates nucleus form rest of cell
-pores enable larger substances to leave and enter eg.mRNA
-nucleolus is where ribosomes are made

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

-have nucleus surrounded by envelope containing DNA
-nucleolus that contains RNA
-cytoplasm that suspends organelles
-cytoskeleton
-plasma membrane
-membrane bound organelles eg. mitochondria golgi, ER
-vesicles
-ribosomes

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7
Q

Using stage graticule to calibrate eye piece graticule

A

-insert eyepiece G into the x10 eyepiece of microscope
-place stage G on microscope and bring into focus on x40
-align eyepiece and stage G
-check value of one eyepiece division
- eg. 40 eyepiece division = stage G ( 1mm or 1000 microm)
-therefore one eyepiece division = 1000/40= 25 microm

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8
Q

RER structure and function

A

Structure
-system of membranes containing fluid filled cavities (cisternae) that are continuous with nuclear membrane
-coated with ribosomes
Function
-intracellular transport system as cisternae form channels
-provides large SA for ribosomes

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9
Q

SER structure and function

A

Structure
-system of membranes containing fluid filled cavities (cisternae) that are continuous with nuclear membrane
-no ribosomes on surface
Function
-contains enzymes that catalyse reactions involved in lipid metabolism eg. synthesis of cholesterol, lipids and steroid hormones
-involved in absorption, synthesis and transport of lipids

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus structure and function

A

Structure
-stack of membrane bound flattened sacs
Function
-Modifies proteins
-packages proteins into vesicles

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11
Q

Mitochondria structure and function

A

Structure
-spherical, rod shaped or branched
-surrounded by 2 membranes (envelope) with fluid filled space between them
-inner membrane folded into cristae
-inner part is fluid filled matrix
Function
-site of ATP production during aerobic respiration
-self replicating
-abundant in cells where much metabolic activity happens eg. liver, synapses

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12
Q

Chloroplasts structure and function

A

Structure
-large organelles
-surrounded by envelope
-inner membrane continuous with thylakoids (stack of granum) joined by intergranal lamellae
-fluid is stroma
Function
-site of photosynthesis
-first stage photosynthesis occurs in grana
-second stage occurs in stroma
-abundant in leaves, palisade mesophyll

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13
Q

Vacuole structure and function

A

Structure
-surrounded by membrane called tonoplast and contains fluid
Function
-filled with water to maintain cell stability, making it turgid
-if all cells turgid, helps to support the plant

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14
Q

Lysosomes structure and function

A

Structure
-small bags formed from golgi
-contain hydrolytic enzymes
-abundant in phagocytic cells and neutrophils to digest pathogens
Function
-keep enzymes separate from cell
-engulf old organelles or foreign matter to digest components for cell to re use

15
Q

Cilia and undulipodia structure and function

A

Structure
-protrusions from cell and surrounded by membrane
-contain microtubules
-formed from centrioles
Function
-cilia beat and moves mucus in airways
-cilia contains receptors to detect signals in environment
-undulipodia enables sperm to move

16
Q

Ribosomes structure and function

A

Structure
-no membrane
-small spherical organelles
-made in nucleolus
Function
-bound to RER for protein synthesis for proteins outside of cell
-free ribosomes for protein synthesis of proteins needed inside the cell

17
Q

Centrioles structure and function

A

Structure
-2 bundles of microtubules
-arranged into a cylinder
Function
-spindle fibres form from centrioles
-involved in formation of cilia and undulipodia

18
Q

Cytoskeleton structure and function

A

Structure
-microfilaments made of subunits actin
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules made of subunits of tubulin
-motor proteins
Function
-microfilaments give support and mechanical strength and allow cell movement
-microtubules provide shape and support to cells and help substances move through cytoplasm
-intermediate filaments anchor the nucleus and allow cell-cell signalling

19
Q

Cellulose cell wall structure and function

A

Structure
-made from bundles of cellulose fibres
Function
-prevents cells bursting when turgid
-provide strength and support
-maintain shape
-allows substances to pass through
-fungi cell walls are made from chitin not cellulose

20
Q

Making and secreting protein

A

-gene is transcribed in nucleus into mRNA
-this passes out of nucleus through envelope to ribosome
-this is then translated to create desired protein
-protein pass into cisternae of RER and along the hollow sacs
-vesicles containing protein are pinched off the RER and pass via microtubules to the golgi
-the golgi may modify the protein and repackage them into vesicles
-vesicles are pinched off and pass to membrane
-vesicles fuse with membrane and protein leaves cell via exocytosis

21
Q

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similarities and differences

A

Similarities
-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-DNA, RNA
Differences
-smaller
-less well-developed cytoskeleton
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles eg. mitochondria, golgi
-cell wall made of peptidoglycan not cellulose
-smaller ribosomes
-naked DNA free in cytoplasm
-divide by binary fission not mitosis

Biology year 1 (13 decks)

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