Cell Structure

Question 1

All cells share four common components:

Answer 1

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes

Question 2

Acts as the boundary between the outside and inside of a cell.

The integrity and function of the plasma membrane are vital to a cell because this membrane acts much like a gatekeeper, regulating the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 2

Plasma Membrane

Question 3

the phospholipids are at the surfaces of the membrane

Answer 3

Polar heads

Question 4

make up the interior of the membrane.

Answer 4

Non-polar tails

Question 5

A semifluid interior, where chemical reactions occur.

Dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, & salts

Serves as solvent for materials used in all cell functions

Answer 5

Cytoplasm

Question 6

Geneticmaterial of all cellular organisms and most viruses.

Made out of sugars (deoxyribose), phosphates and nitrogen bases

Answer 6

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 7

DNA carries the information needed to direct ___

Answer 7

Protein synthesis and DNA replication

Question 8

Is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins that form a factory for the protein synthesis in cells.

Answer 8

Ribosomes

Question 9

Who discovered that small particles in the cytoplasm that preferentially associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Answer 9

George E. Palade in 1955

Question 10

rotates 360o
1-2 or many distributed over entire cell
functions in motility

Answer 10

Flagella

Question 11

A part of flagella that is long, thin, helical structure composed of proteins

Answer 11

Filament

Question 11

A part of flagella that is curved sheath

Answer 11

Hook

Question 12

A part of flagella that is stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall

Answer 12

Basal Body

Question 13

single flagellum at one end

Answer 13

Monotrichous

Question 14

small bunches arising from one end of cell

Answer 14

Lophotrichous

Question 15

flagella at both ends of cell

Answer 15

Amphitrichous

Question 16

flagella dispersed over surface of cell, slowest

Answer 16

Peritrichous

Question 17

fine hairlike bristles from the cell surface

function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

Answer 17

Fimbriae

Question 18

rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein

Functions
joins bacterial cells for DNA transfer (conjugation)
adhesion

Answer 18

Pili

Question 19

Coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins

functions:
attachment
inhibits killing by white blood cells
receptor

Answer 19

Glycocalyx

Question 20

Type of glycocalyx that is highly organized, tightly attached

Answer 20

Capsule

Question 21

Type of glycocalyx that is loosely organized and attached

Answer 21

Slime layer

Question 22

Peptidoglycan

provides strong, flexible support to keep bacteria from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure

Answer 22

Cell Wall

Question 23

single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all the genetic information required by a cell

Answer 23

Chromosome

Question 24

DNA is tightly coiled around a protein, aggregated in a dense area called the

Answer 24

Nucleoid

Question 25

may encode antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, enzymes & toxins

Answer 25

Plasmids

Question 26

– intercellular layer composed of pectin. Pectin is a viscous and gelatinous substance which acts as a cementing material to hold the cells together.

Answer 26

Middle Lamella

Question 27

consists mainly of bundles of intertwined molecules of cellulose, cutin and waxes

Answer 27

Primary wall

Question 28

produced and deposited between the primary wall and the protoplast after cell enlargement ceases and is composed mainly of cellulose and lignin. Lignin is a complex material responsible for hardness and decay-resisting qualities of many woods.

Answer 28

Secondary wall

Question 29

Protoplasmic connections which aid in the movement of materials from one cell to another microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells enabling transport and communication between them

Answer 29

Plasmodesmata

Question 30

Essential in food making and storage of food

Answer 30

Plastids

Question 31

young plastids capable of dividing, usually colorless

Answer 31

Proplastid

Question 32

colored plastids containing red, yellow or orange pigments

Answer 32

Chromoplastids

Question 33

contain the green pigment chlorophyll

Answer 33

Chloroplastids

Question 34

colorless plastid and usually functions for storage

Answer 34

Leucoplastids

Question 35

stores starch

Answer 35

Amyloplastid

Question 36

stores oil

Answer 36

Elaioplastid

Question 37

stores protein

Answer 37

Aleuroneplastid

Question 38

evaginations or projections, microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells, and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption and secretion

Answer 38

Microvilli

Question 39

small indentations in the plasma membrane

Answer 39

Caveolae

Question 40

help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division.

Answer 40

Centrioles

Question 41

transport system of the cell

Answer 41

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 42

– has attached ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis

Answer 42

Rough ER

Question 43

– involved in synthesis and breakdown of lipid and carbohydrate

Answer 43

Smooth ER

Question 44

Folded inner membrane of Mitochondrion called

Answer 44

Cristae

Question 44

-powerhouse of the cell -sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen.

Answer 44

Mitochondrion

Question 45

also called dictyosome, modifies, packages and distributes molecules made at one location of the cell and used at another.

Answer 45

Golgi Bodies

Question 46

– small membrane-bordered structures that contain chemicals and enzymes necessary for digesting certain materials in the cell. -They are formed in the Golgi bodies. They are known as suicidal bags for they can destroy cell structures that have outlived their usefulness

Answer 46

Lysosomes

Question 47

-composed of a variety of filaments and fibers that support cell structure and drive cell movement. -Helps cell maintain cell shape

Answer 47

Cytoskeleton

Question 48

contain long thin cylindrical fibrils that provide support for cell shape and help move organelles through the cell and during cell division.

Answer 48

Microtubules

Question 49

contains actin for movement and support of the cell. They also permit movement of the cytoplasm within the cell called cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 49

Microfilament

Question 50

store materials like water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates

Answer 50

Vacuoles

Question 51

control center of the cell

Answer 51

Nucleus

Question 52

-Surrounds nucleus -Also called nuclear envelope

Answer 52

Nuclear Membrane

Question 53

The liquid inside the nucleus -Also called Karyoplasm

Answer 53

Nucleoplasm

Question 54

Produces ribosomes

Answer 54

Nucleolus

Question 55

ATP

Answer 55

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 56

They also permit movement of the cytoplasm within the cell called

Answer 56

Cytoplasmic Streaming