Cell structure Flashcards
Magnification
the number of times bigger the image/drawing is compared to the object/real size
Resolution
the minimum distance needed to differentiate between 2 adjacent objects
1x10-6m
Micrometer
1x10-9m
Nanometer
The process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are separated out
Cell fractionation
A type of microscope
- Condenser
- Objective lens
- Eyepiece lens
- Light is passed through
- Thin specimen
- Low resolution
- Longer wavelength
Light microscope
Electron microscope
- Beam of electrons
- A vacuum
- Electrons have smaller wavelength
- Higher resolution
Scanning electron microscope
A type of electron microscope which bounces beams of electrons off the surface of an object to develop a 3D image of the specimen (no need therefore for thin sections).
A type of electron microscope which asses a beam of electrons through a very thin section of specimen (which often has been stained with heavy metals to show up the fine internal structures).
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Homogenisation
The first stage of cell fractionation when cells are broken up by a homogeniser (blender) and organelles are released from the cell.
The second stage of cell fractionation when the fragments in filtered homogenate are separated in a machine called a centrifuge.
Ultracentrifugation
Graticule
A series of lines on a microscope which can be used to calculate the size of objects.
Eukaryote
A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and chromosomes. The cell also possesses a variety of other membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
A part of a cell.
Organelle
Organelle which contains the hereditary material (DNA) which codes for the synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm.
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Organelle where energy is released in aerobic respiration
Chloroplast
Organelle that is the site of photosynthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Organelle which provides a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins and where proteins are transported that are synthesised on ribosomes.
Organelle where lipids and carbohydrates are synthesized, stored and transported.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Golgi
Organelle that contains a stack of membranes that make up flattened sacs (cisternae) where glycoproteins are synthesized, lipids are transported, modified and stores, proteins are packaged and lysosomes are formed.
Organelle formed when the vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus contain enzymes. They are where unwanted materials & worn-out organelles are digested.
Lysosome
Ribosome
Organelle made of rRNA and protein where protein synthesis occurs.
Organelle which provides mechanical strength to prevent the cell bursting under the pressure created by the osmotic entry of water, to give mechanical strength. Made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi.
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Organelle which contains a solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes and sometimes pigments such as anthocyanins. They support herbaceous plants by making cells turgid, may provide a temporary food store and if they contain pigments they may colour petals to attract pollinating insects.
A collection of similar cells that perform a specific function.
Tissue
A combination of different tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions.
Organ
Organ system
Many organs work together in an organ system to perform a particular function.
A cell of an organism belonging to the kingdom Prokaryote that is characterized by lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. E.g. bacteria
Prokaryote
An example of a prokaryote.
Bacteria
Small circular loops of DNA which contain genes that bacteria can have.
Plasmid
Flagellum
Part of a bacterial cell which helps the bacteria to move.
Virus
Acellular, non-living particles that are smaller than bacteria. They contain DNA or RNA but can only multiply inside living host cells.
A protein coat which encloses the nucleic acid in a virus.
Capsid
The capsid can have these which are essential to allow the virus to identify and attach to a host cell.
Attachment Protein
