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Biology Y12 > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Which organelles are found in both animal and plant cells?

A
  • Cell surface membrane
  • Lysosomes
  • Ribosomes
  • Rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
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3
Q

Which organelles are only found in plant cells?

A
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell wall (cellulose)
  • Plasmodesmata (strands of proteins)
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4
Q

How are algal cells different to plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts are a different shape/size

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5
Q

How are fungal cells different to plant cells?

A
  • Don’t have chloroplasts
  • Cell walls are made from chitin instead of cellulose
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6
Q

What is the structure and function of mitochondria?

A

Structure: Double membrane (inner membrane folded to form cristae which increase surface area for attachment of enzymes involved in respiration), matrix (enzymes for respiration, DNA, ribosomes)

Function: Carry out aerobic respiration, produce ATP

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7
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell surface membrane?

A

Structure: Made up of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates arranged into fluid-mosaic model, microvilli formed from folding (increase surface area)

Function: Controls passage of molecules in/out of cell

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8
Q

What is the structure and function of a chloroplast?

A

Structure: Double membrane (inner membranes called thylakoids which contain chlorophyll, stacked to form grana), grana (increase surface area for absorption), stroma (fluid contains enzymes for photosynthesis)

Function: Site of photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell wall?

A

Structure: Rigid, made up of cellulose, fully permeable

Function: Supports the cell

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10
Q

What is the structure and function of a vacuole?

A

Structure: Tonoplast (surrounding membrane), cell sap (sugar/salt solution)

Function: Helps to maintain pressure inside cell (keeps it turgid), involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals inside cell

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

A

Structure: DNA, pores (substances can move between nucleus and cytoplasm), nucleolus

Function: DNA codes for proteins, ribosome synthesis in nucleolus

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12
Q

What is the structure and function of ribosomes?

A

Structure: Made up of RNA and protein, 2 sub-units (small and large)

Function: Protein synthesis

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Structure: Forms enclosed, flattened sacs (cisternae) - 2 types (rough, smooth)

Function: rough - Synthesises and transports protein through cell, smooth - synthesises and transports lipids

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of Golgi apparatus?

A

Structure: Can form lysosomes (fluid-filled membrane sacs)

Function: Processes, modifies and packages proteins into vesicles for transport out of cell

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15
Q

What is the structure and function of lysosomes?

A

Structure: Vesicles with bilayer, cell surface membrane, proteins and enzyme complex

Function: Hydrolyse invading pathogens in white blood cells

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16
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cell with no membrane-bound organelles (bacteria)

17
Q

How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Slime capsule for protection
  • Single circular loop of DNA instead of nucleus
  • Plasmids (small loops of DNA)
  • Flagella for movement
  • Cell wall made up of murein instead of cellulose or chitin
  • Smaller ribosomes
18
Q

What is a virus?

A

Acellular (not a cell), non-living

19
Q

How does a virus differ to prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells?

A
  • No cell surface membrane, cytoplasm or ribosomes
  • Much smaller
  • Capsid (protein coat)
  • Attachment proteins (complementary to infected cell)
  • Lipid envelope
20
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Separation of cell organelles by density and mass

21
Q

What are the conditions for cell fractionation and why?

A
  • Ice cold (reduces enzyme activity)
  • Buffered pH (prevents enzymes from denaturing)
  • Isotonic (stops osmosis from occurring so cell doesn’t burst)
22
Q

What are the steps for cell fractionation?

A
  1. Tissue broken using homogeniser to release organelles
  2. Filtration - removes cell debris
  3. Spun at LOW speed in centrifuge - forms pellet of nuclei (heaviest)
  4. Supernatant (remaining liquid) removed and spun for faster and longer so smaller organelles form a pellet - chloroplasts then mitochondria
  5. Repeated for smaller organelles - lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum then ribosomes
23
Q

What order do the organelles go in during cell fractionation?

A
  1. Nuclei
  2. Chloroplasts –> mitochondria
  3. Lysosomes –> endoplasmic reticulum
  4. Ribosomes

Biology Y12 (13 decks)

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