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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of cells have cell wall

A

Prokaryotes and plant cells

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2
Q

What is the difference between the cell wall in prokaryotes and plant cells?

A

Plants cell wall is made out of cellulose.
Prokaryotic cell wall is made out of peptidoglycans.

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3
Q

What is cellulose

A

A secretion from the cell that forms a layer on the cell and makes the cell wall

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4
Q

What are peptidoglycans

A

Proteins carbohydrates and sugars

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5
Q

Difference between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have one large vacuole….. Animal cells have many small vacuoles

Plant cells have chloroplast… Animal cells don’t

Plant cells have their nucleus to one side of the cell…… Animal cells have their nucleus in the centre

Plant cells do not have centrioles or centrosome…. Animals have centrioles and centrosome

Plant cells have plastids…… Animal cells lack plastids

Plant cells have cell wall……. Animal cells only have cell membrane.

Plant cells are larger and rectangular in shape…… Animal cells are smaller than plant cells

Plant cells store glucose as starch…… Animal cells store glucose as glycogen

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6
Q

Characteristics of chloroplasts

A
  • contain chlorophyll
  • have their own DNA and ribosomes (systhesise protein)
  • double membranes
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7
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

To generate food and store it as ATP for the plant with the process of photosynthesis

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8
Q

Where are chloroplasts found and in what type of cells?

A

Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and algae

They are usually found in parts that receive sunlight.

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9
Q

What is the function of cell wall

A

Provide strength and rigidity to the cell and protects it

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10
Q

Characteristics of cell wall

A

Made from cellulose (made with peptidoglycans in prokaryotes)

Permeable and allows all things to pass through

Very strong layer

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11
Q

Characteristics of microvilli

A

Finger like projections
They are stationary and do not contribute to movement

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12
Q

Function of microvilli

A

To increase surface area and absorption rate so the cell can get it’s nutrients

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13
Q

Where are microvilli found?

A

Epithelial tissue in trachea and internal layer of intestines

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14
Q

Characteristics of cilia

A
  • hair like structures on the cell
  • they whip around and provide movement
  • they are considered as separate organell
  • microtubules in the cilia helps in movement of cilia
    -have membrane
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15
Q

Function of cilia

A

Help in movement of the cell in fluid spaces and also to push away foreign particles

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16
Q

Where are cilia found

A

Cila are found in epithelial cells of trachea
Also found in fallopian tube of female reproductive system

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17
Q

Flagella characteristics

A
  • Is a thin stretched out thread like structure
  • is usually part of the external structure of the cell
  • is membranous
  • whips and moves to provide movement
  • made out of proteins and microfilaments
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18
Q

Where is a flagella found

A

Usually on single celled organisms or on human sperm cell

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19
Q

What are lysosomes

A

They are vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzyme mixture

Membrane bound

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20
Q

Function of lysosomes?

A

Help in digestion and processing food

Help in the breakdown of foreign bodies

Decomposes old organelles

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21
Q

What is a vesicle

A

Membrane bound sac-like structure that is usually involved in storage, transport or secretion and excretion in a cell.
They usually contain fluid that determines their purpose

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22
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

It is a series of membranous sac-like structures that are flattened out.

The sacs can be called cisternae and contain lumen in them.

Products are stored in the cisternae, processed and transported out through transport vesicles

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23
Q

Cisternae is found in

A

Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

Types of endoplasmic reticulum and their difference (talk about their function)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Rough has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis

Smooth doesn’t have ribosomes and is involved in the production of enzymes and lipids (helps in metabolism of carbohydrates)

25
Q

Common characteristics of the two types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Both are a structure of flattened out membranous vesicles

Linked to the nucleus

26
Q

Vacuoles characteristics , function and location

A
  • membrane bound organells
  • involves in the storage of
    ___water
    ___waste materials (isolates waste materials)
    ___sugar in form of disaccharide sucrose
    ___nutriets
    ___food molecules
    ___salts
  • contractile vacuoles help in Removing excess water out of cells and are found in paramecium

Vacuoles are found in animal cells as many small organelles and found in plant cells and one large organelle

27
Q

Write the equation for process of glucose to ATP

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —— 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

28
Q

Full form of ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

29
Q

Mitochondria characteristics

A
  • double membranes
  • inner membrane has folds called cristae
  • outer membrane is semi permeable
  • it divides by binary fission
  • originally a prokaryote before entering into an endosymbiotic relationship with a larger eukaryotic cell
  • have own dna
30
Q

Function of mitochondria

A
  • site of cellular respiration
  • provides energy for the cell
  • generation of ATP
31
Q

___________ cells have inter membrane space between their two memebranes

A

Mitochondria

32
Q

Nucleolus characteristics and functions

A

An internal sphere in the nucleus

Site of ribosome production (ribosome biogenesis)

Not membranous

Accumulation of large amounts of RNA and proteins

Cells may have more than one nucleous

33
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

34
Q

What is RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

35
Q

What is ribosome biogenesis

A

Systhesis of ribosomes
(Nucleolus)

36
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Contains/ holds DNA

Controls the synthesis of proteins

Is membranous (bilipid layer)

Separate chromosomes from other cell components

37
Q

Purpose of nuclear pores

A

Nuclear pores allow interchange of substances

Endoplasmic reticulum is also connected to nuclear pores

38
Q

Some immune cells have ___________________ nucleus meaning_____________________

A

Multi-lobed …… The nucleus is separated into multiple spheres along with the genes

39
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Responsible for protein synthesis

Could be found freely suspended in cytoplasm

Also found on rough endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

Difference between ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes: 70s (small subunits = 30s and large subunits = 50s)
Eukaryotes: 80s (small subunits = 40s and large subunits = 60s)

41
Q

Cytoplasm of the cell

A
  • dense fluid like substance
  • has organelles contained within it
  • water based with proteins
  • has dissolved minerals and proteins freely suspended
42
Q

What is cystol

A

It is the fluid part of cytoplasm excluding the mineral deposits

43
Q

_____________ is the layer dividing the cell from other cells. Describe it

A

Plasma membrane / cell membrane. Is a semi permeable layer that separates internal components from external components and allows only selective substances to pass through.

44
Q

Describe eukaryotes

A

Complex cells
Defined nucleus
Have many membrane bound organelles
Unicellular and multicellular

45
Q

Membrane bound compartments advantages

A

Separation of function into individual units
Storage of molecules
Protection from chemicals

46
Q

Prokaryotic cells characteristics

A

No defined nucleus
Unicellular organisms
Consists of group bacteria and archaebacteria.
Simple cells (than eukaryotic)
Smaller than eukaryotic cells

47
Q

What are the Three domains of life?

A

There are three domains:
- bacteria
- Archaea (archaebacteria / extremophiles)
- eukarya

Bacteria and archea are unicellular organism and are prokaryotic cells

Archea are called extremophiles as they can exist is rough conditions

48
Q

Outline the external features of prokaryotic cells

A

Cell Membrane
Cell wall
Pili
Flagella
Slime capsule

49
Q

What is the smile capsule?

A

This polysaccharide layer (carbohydrate layer) which protects against desiccation and phagocytosis (being engulfed)

50
Q

What is polysacchride

A

Carbohydrate layer

51
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Being engulfed by another cell

52
Q

What is the pili?

A

They are hair like structures on the surface of prokaryotic cells

Their function is to enable adherence and mediate bacterial conjugation

53
Q

What is bacterial conjugation

A

Exchange or transport of genetic material through cell-cell contact.

This happens when a bridge like connection is formed with the pili of the cells in reference.

54
Q

What is the nucleoid

A

It is the centre of the cell that has DNA and chromosomes

Not membrane bound

55
Q

What are plasmids

A

They are circular structures/molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer or bacterial conjugation

56
Q

Difference between gram positive and gram negative

A

Gram positive: thick layer or peptidoglycans
Appear pink in microscope

Gram negative: thin layer of peptidoglycans
Appear purple in microscope
Layer of lipopolysaccharides and proteins and an additional cell membrane

57
Q

What are lipopolysacchrides

A

Composed of a lipids and a polysaccharide

58
Q

What are lipids

A

Organic compounds
Fatty acids
Insoluble in water

59
Q

What is binary fission

A

The process in which bacteria divide in a really fast pace

  • DNA replicates
  • 2 DNA loops attach to the membrane
  • membrane elongates and pinches off

It is where the cell copies and divides

Biology (4 decks)

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