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Biology > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are cells

A

-cells are the smallest units of life
-all living things are made up of cells
-all cells come from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

what are the two types of cells?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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3
Q

what are prokaryotic cells?

A

they do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. they include two groups: bacteria and archaea

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4
Q

what are eukaryotic cells?

A

they contain membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus. they can be single-celled or multi-celled. e.g. humans, plants, fungi and insects

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5
Q

define membrane

A

a sheet-like structure acting as a boundary or partition

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6
Q

define membrane-bound organelles?

A

organelle with special function that are separated from the rest of a cell by a membrane

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7
Q

what are similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

-dna
-cell membrane
-comes from pre-existing cells
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-both are cells

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8
Q

differentiate between pro and euk cells

A

pro: circular dna in nucleoid, no nucleus, simple reproduction process
euk: paired linear dna in nucleus, complex reproduction process like mitosis

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9
Q

differentiate between light and electron microscopes

A

light: colour, can see live specimen, max magnification x2000, lower resolving power
electron: no colour, can’t see live specimen, max magnification x10,000,000, higher resolving power

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10
Q

define magnification

A

appears larger and expressed in the form of x10, x50, calculated with the eyepiece multiplied by the objective lens

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11
Q

define microscope

A

technology that allows us to magnify something to a size greater than we could see with the naked eye

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12
Q

what is the function of nucleus?

A

controls cell activities sending messages

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13
Q

what is the function of vacuole?

A

storage for things like water

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14
Q

what is the function of chloroplast?

A

responsible for photosynthesis = the production of glucose

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15
Q

what is the function of cell wall?

A

holds cell in fixed shape which gives support, protects contents and limits size

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16
Q

what is the function of cell membrane?

A

separates living cell from environment, controls incoming and outgoing substances (selectively permeable), protects cell

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17
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm?

A

carries substances around cell, medium in which things travel

18
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

where proteins are created living on the ER

19
Q

what is the function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

involved in transport of materials in the cell (proteins) connecting cell membrane with nuclear membrane

20
Q

what is the function of golgi body?

A

involved in sorting, storing, modification and transport of proteins

21
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

release energy, site of respiration

22
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus?

A

surrounded by double membrane=increase surface area (SA) so more reactions can take place. Pores=letting molecules move in and out, messages for activities

23
Q

what is the structure of the vacuole?

A

open space allowing more storage for things like water

24
Q

what is the structure of the chloroplast?

A

grana (stacks of membrane) have large SA to increase rate of photosynthesis

25
Q

what is the structure of the cell wall?

A

outer most area, surrounds the cell

26
Q

what is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

pores=letting molecules move in and out

27
Q

what is the structure of the cytoplasm?

A

jelly-like

28
Q

what is the structure of the ribosomes?

A

made up of a few parts. lives on the ER

29
Q

what is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

coming out of the nucleus, rough=with ribosomes, smooth=no ribosomes

30
Q

what is the structure of the golgi body?

A

made from single membrane with a large SA for synthesising new compounds

31
Q

define fluid mosaic model

A

current model of membrane structure

32
Q

What features/characteristics are critical to the function of proteins within the cell membrane? how is it maintained?

A

protein shape is critical to its function, it is maintained by many different chemical changes

33
Q

what leads a protein to denaturation (loss of function)?

A

changes in temperature, pH, and exposure to chemicals

34
Q

what is the lipids function in the cell membrane

A

energy stores
components in membrane
lipids are not soluble in water

35
Q

define cell membrane

A

a selectively permeable barrier. it can be thought of as a gate that opens and shuts rather than a closed wall

36
Q

what is a cell membrane made of?

A

a double layer of phospholipids (lipids)

37
Q

what is the head of a lipid called and its function

A

the hydrophilic (water-loving) phosphate heads are positioned facing outwards (towards the cytoplasm on one side and to the outside of the cell on the other) they are attracted to the watery fluids inside and outside cells

38
Q

what is the tail of a lipid called and its function

A

the hydrophobic (water-hating) lipid tails are positioned inwards (towards each other)

39
Q

where are the proteins in the cell membrane located

A

they are scattered throughout the lipid, some go all the way through the bilayer to allow materials through, some may be partly embedded in the membrane. some fixed some travelling freely giving the mosaic effect

40
Q

what is the purpose of the fluid mosaic model?

A

controls the exchange of material between intracellular and extracellular environment of the cell

Biology (9 decks)

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