Cell structure

Question 1

What are three common features of plant and animal cells (eukaryotes)?

Answer 1

1) Cell membrane; 2) Cytoplasm; 3) Genetic material in a nucleus.

Question 2

Which are bigger; bacterial cells (prokaryotes) or eukaryotes?

Answer 2

Eukaryotes.

Question 3

True or false? “Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall.”

Answer 3

True

Question 4

True or false? “Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.”

Answer 4

False

Question 5

In what form is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 5

A single DNA loop.

Question 6

Name five common parts of animal and plant cells.

Answer 6

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

Question 7

Name three further features of a plant cell.

Answer 7

Chloroplasts, permanent vacuole (filled with cell sap), cell wall.

Question 8

Describe the function of the mitochondria.

Answer 8

Where aerobic respiration occurs to release energy

Question 9

Name three further features of a plant cell.

Answer 9

Chloroplasts, permanent vacuole (filled with cell sap), cell wall

Question 10

Describe the function of the cytoplasm.

Answer 10

The location of cellular reactions.

Question 11

Describe the function of the cell membrane.

Answer 11

To determine what is allowed into and out of the cell.

Question 12

Describe the function of the ribosomes.

Answer 12

To bond amino acids together to form proteins (protein synthesis)

Question 13

Describe the function of the chloroplasts.

Answer 13

The location of photosynthesis.

Question 14

Describe the function of the permanent vacuole.

Answer 14

A storage area for ions and water, sometimes pigments. Helps to maintain water balance.

Question 15

Which strong material is the cell wall of plant and algal cells made from?

Answer 15

Cellulose.

Question 16

What is the definition of a cell?

Answer 16

The individual unit of an organism.

Question 17

What is the definition of a tissue?

Answer 17

Cells of the same type working together to perform a specific function.

Question 18

What is the definition of an organ?

Answer 18

A structure made from multiple tissue types to perform a specific function.

Question 19

What is the definition of an organ system?

Answer 19

Multiple organs working together to perform a specific function.

Question 20

Describe a specialisation of a sperm cell.

Answer 20

Mobile due to flagellum
Many mitochondria to allow high energy release for movement
Streamlined head
Digestive enzymes in head to break down egg membrane.

Question 21

Describe a specialisation of a nerve cell.

Answer 21

Many proteins embedded in cell membrane to allow ion movement.
The nerve cell is covered with a fatty sheath, which insulates the nerve cell and speeds up the nerve impulse.

Question 22

Describe a specialisation of a muscle cell.

Answer 22

Many mitochondria to provide lots of energy for contraction
Many ribosomes to synthesise proteins.

Question 23

Describe a specialisation of a root hair cell.

Answer 23

Elongated shape to increase surface area for ion absorption; many mitochondria to provide lots of energy for active transport.

Question 24

Describe a specialisation of a xylem cell.

Answer 24

Little cell contents to allow easy movement of water and ions through each cell.

Question 25

What is “cell differentiation”?

Answer 25

The process where a stem cell develops new sub-cellular structures to let it perform a specific function.

Question 26

When do most animal cells differentiate?

Answer 26

At an early stage of development.

Question 27

In mature animals, what is cell differentiation used for?

Answer 27

Repair and replacement of old/damaged cells.

Question 28

What are the two advantages of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

Answer 28

1. Increased magnification, 2. Increased resolution

Question 29

What is the “resolution” of a microscope?

Answer 29

The ability to differentaite two or more objects close together

Question 30

What are the three forms of equation used to calculate magnification (M), the image size (I) or the actual size of an object (A)?

Answer 30

I = A X M M = I/A A = I/M

Question 31

What is a “contaminant”?

Answer 31

An unwanted species of microorganism growing in your culture.

Question 32

Define Eukaryotic cells

Answer 32

A cell with a defined nucleus

Question 33

Define prokaryotic cells

Answer 33

A cell without a nucleus

Question 34

What are the features of prokaryotic cells (bacteria) ?

Answer 34

No nucleus, encased by a cell wall, pili helps to attach cell to surface

Question 35

What are some disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells as a treatment?

Answer 35

Can cause viral infections Ethical beliefs

Question 36

What material strengthens the wall of a xylem cell?

Answer 36

Lignin

Question 37

What part of the cell do most chemical reactions take place?

Answer 37

Cytoplasm

Question 38

What came first prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

Answer 38

Prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are the evolved versions of prokaryotic cells.

Question 39

What do prokaryotic cells not have?

Answer 39

Mitochondria (where respiration takes place) Chloroplasts ( where photosynthesis takes place) Nucleus, instead genetic material stored in a single DNA loop in the cytoplasm.

Question 40

Define a prokaryote.

Answer 40

An organism made up of a single prokaryotic cell. (Unicellular organism)

Question 41

What are plasmids?

Answer 41

Single loop of DNA stored in the cytoplasm which contains most of the cells genetic information.

Question 42

Define a ribosome.

Answer 42

Responsible for protein synthesis.

Question 43

What does the acrosome of the tip of the sperm cell contain?

Answer 43

Digestive enzymes needed to penetrate the egg cell.

Question 44

Define magnification.

Answer 44

How many times larger an image is when seen through a microscope compared to the actual object.

Question 45

Describe the shape of a red blood cell.

Answer 45

Biconcave disc.

Question 46

Do red blood cells have a nucleus?

Answer 46

NO.