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Biology AS > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of the cell surface membrane?

A
  • 7nm
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • partially permeable
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2
Q

What are the functions of the cell surface membrane?

A
  • control exchange of material

- protect cell organelles

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3
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • double membrane
  • 5 - 10 μm
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear pores
  • nucleolus
  • DNA
  • chromatin/chromosomes
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4
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A
  • DNA replication
  • RNA replication
  • nuclear division
  • exchange of mRNA, ribosomes, proteins through nuclear pores
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5
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • single membrane
  • continuous with nuclear envelope
  • covered in ribosomes
  • cisternae
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6
Q

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • protein modification/transport

- break off and form golgi body

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7
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • single membrane
  • smooth surface
  • cisternae
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8
Q

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • lipid/steroid/hormone synthesis
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9
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • cisternae
  • golgi body
  • golgi vesicles
  • single membrane
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10
Q

What are the functions of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • packing/modifying/organising proteins
  • synthesis of glycoproteins/glycolipids
  • secretion of materials out of cell
  • exocytosis
  • makes lysosomes
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11
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • double membrane
  • 1 μm
  • inner membrane folded into cristae
  • intermembrane space
  • outer membrane contains porins
  • matrix
  • proteins/ATP/ADP on cristae and in matrix
  • circular DNA
  • 70s ribosomes
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12
Q

What are the functions of the mitochondria?

A
  • carry out aerobic respiration by:
  • link reaction, kreb’s cycle, ETC
  • self-replicating
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13
Q

What is the structure of the ribosomes?

A
  • 20 nm
  • no membrane
  • rRNA
  • protein
  • two subunits
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14
Q

What are the functions of the ribosomes?

A
  • protein synthesis
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15
Q

What is the structure of the lysosomes?

A
  • single membrane
  • 0.5 μm
  • filled with hydrolytic enzymes
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16
Q

What are the functions of the lysosomes?

A
  • digestion of old cells
  • digestion of old organelles
  • digestion of bacteria
  • sent outside cell
17
Q

What is the structure of the microtubules?

A
  • alpha/beta tubulin
  • 25 nm
  • dimers form protofilaments
  • 13 protofilaments join
  • arranged throughout cell to form cytoskeleton
  • no membrane
18
Q

What are the functions of the microtubules?

A
  • provides structure and support
  • intracellular transport
  • contract and relax
  • endocytosis
  • spindle fibres during nuclear division
19
Q

What is the structure of the centrioles?

A
  • 9 triplets of microtubules
  • arranged in a cylinder
  • right angles to each other
  • form centrosome region
20
Q

What are the functions of the centrioles?

A
  • move to opposite poles during mitosis
  • spindle fibres protrude from centrioles
  • MTOCs for formation of microtubules
21
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplasts?

A
  • double membrane
  • 3 - 10 μm
  • chlorophyll
  • thylakoid membranes throughout
  • grana (stacked discs)
  • 70s ribosomes
  • circular DNA
  • stroma
  • starch grains
22
Q

What are the functions of the chloroplasts?

A
  • photosynthesis
  • chlorophyll absorbs light energy
  • make ATP
  • self-replicating
  • food store
23
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A
  • freely permeable
  • cellulose fibres
  • tensile strength
  • lignin
24
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall

A
  • maintains pressure gradient
  • gives support to cell
  • gives shape to cell
25
Q

What is the structure of the plasmodesmata?

A
  • fine strands of cytoplasm

- pass through pores in cell wall

26
Q

What is the structure of the vacuole?

A
  • central
  • filled with fluid (enzymes, pigments, sugars)
  • tonoplast
27
Q

What are the functions of the vacuole?

A
  • acts as lysosome
  • regulate osmotic properties
  • tonoplast controls exchange
28
Q

What are the functions of the cytoplasm?

A
  • contains cell contents
29
Q

What is the structure of the nucleolus?

A
  • DNA from several chromosomes
  • rRNA
  • proteins
  • no membrane
30
Q

What is the structure of the cytoplasm?

A
  • aqueous substance

- jelly or fluid-like

31
Q

What are the functions of the nucleolus?

A
  • ribosome synthesis
32
Q

What are the functions of plasmodesmata?

A
  • links cells

- allows exchange/transport

33
Q

Where is ATP made?

A

in the mitochondria and chloroplasts

34
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

to provide energy to cells as the universal energy carrier

35
Q

What are the features of prokaryotic cells?

A
  • unicellular
  • 1 - 5 μm
  • no nucleus
  • cell surface membrane
  • DNA free in cytoplasm
  • naked circular DNA
  • 70s ribosomes
  • peptidoglycan cell wall
  • capsule
  • pili
  • flagella
  • plasmid
36
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • no nucleus/nucleus
  • binary fission/mitosis
  • circular/linear DNA
  • naked/associated DNA
  • 70s/80s ribosomes
  • peptidoglycan/cellulose
37
Q

What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • cell surface membrane
  • both replicate DNA and synthesise proteins
  • 70s ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplast
38
Q

What are the features of viruses?

A
  • non-cellular
  • non-living
  • parasitic
  • single strand of RNA/DNA
  • capsid
  • capsomeres

Biology AS (12 decks)

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