Cell Specialisation and Stem Cells

Question 1

Differentiation-

(definition)

Answer 1

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

Question 2

In most ______ cells, the _______ to differentiate is ____ at an _____ _____, but many plant cells _____ ____ this ability

Answer 2

In most animal cells, the ability to differentiate is lost at an early stage, but many plant cells never lose this ability

Question 3

What features does the sperm cell have that helps it?

Answer 3

A long tail and streamlined head for swimming to the egg

Question 4

What features does a muscle cell have that helps it?

Answer 4

It’s long so it has space to contract, and lots of mitochondria for energy

Question 5

What features does a nerve cell have that helps it?

Answer 5

It’s long to cover a large distance, and branched to form a network of connections

Question 6

What do the xylem and phloem have that helps them?

Answer 6

Xylem cells are hollow and phloem cells have few sub cellular structures, so substances can easily flow through

Question 7

What does the root hair cell have to help it?

Answer 7

Large surface are for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

Question 8

Stem cells-

(definition)

Answer 8

undifferentiated cells, which can divide to produce lots more stem cells and can differentiate into many other types of cell

Question 9

Stem cells can be _____ in a ___ and made to _____________ into ___________ cells

Answer 9

Stem cells can be grown in a lab and made to differentiate into specialised cells

Question 10

What can a stem cell from the adult bone marrow become?

Answer 10

many kinds of cell, e.g blood cells

Question 11

What can a stem cell from a human embryo become?

Answer 11

any kind of human cell

Question 12

What can a stem cell from a plant meristem become?

Answer 12

any kind of plant cell

Question 13

Stem cells could produce nerve _____ to treat _________, or _______-_________ cells to treat diabetes

Answer 13

Stem cells could produce nerve cells to treat paralysis, or insulin-producing cells to treat diabetes

Question 14

In ___________ _______, an embryo could be made with the same _____ as the patient - then ____ _____ used from the embryo wouldn’t be ________ by the patient

Answer 14

In therapeutic cloning, an embryo could be made with the same genes as the patient - then stem cells used from the embryo wouldn’t be rejected by the patient.

Question 15

Produce ______ of whole plants quickly and _______, e.g to grow more plants of a rare ______, or clone _____ with _______ ________

Answer 15

Produce clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply, e.g to grow more plants of a rare species, or clone crops with desired features

Question 16

Name a risk of using a stem cell for a patient.

Answer 16

Stem cells from the lab could get a virus which could get transferred to the patient