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FoM - Pharmacology > Cell Signalling Pathways > Flashcards

Cell Signalling Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

How are cell signals classified

A

The distance they travel

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of cell signals

A

Auto rinse, Paracrine, Endocrine

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3
Q

What are autocrine signals

A

Signals that act on the same cell that secretes them

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4
Q

What are paracrine signals

A

They bind to receptors on nearby cells

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5
Q

What are endocrine signals

A

Hormones secreted by cells which target specific farther away cells

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of cell signalling chemicals

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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7
Q

What are hydrophobic signalling chemicals brought to the cell by? And why can they not do it by themselves

A

Carrier proteins, and because they cannot stay freely in the ECM

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8
Q

Where do hydrophilic cell signals bind to? And why that site?

A

Receptors on the cells surface. Because they cannot pass through the cell membrane

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9
Q

What are the 3 stages of cell signalling

A

Reception, transduction, response

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10
Q

What are the main types of cell signal receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptor, nuclear receptor, ion channel receptor, enzyme coupled receptors

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11
Q

What is the structure of G-proteins coupled receptors

A

Seven-pass transmembrane receptor and a G-protein

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12
Q

What 3 subunits is the G protein made

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

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13
Q

What molecule is the alpha subunit of G-protein bound to when it is dis activated

A

GDP

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14
Q

What happens when a ligand binds to the receptor of G-coupled receptor

A

The alpha subunit leaves the G-protein. This causes GDP to be exchanged for GTP. The alpha subunit then exerts an influence on another protein. After doing this, it recombines with the G-protein and GTP is hydrolysed to GDP, disactivating the G-protein

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15
Q

What type of molecule are cell-signals

A

Ligands

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16
Q

What does adrenaline binding to the b2-adrenoreceptor cause

A

Bronchodilation

17
Q

What happens when adrenaline binds to the a1 receptor

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels

18
Q

What happens when adrenaline binds to the a1 receptor

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels

19
Q

What happens when adrenaline binds to the a2 receptor

A

Relaxation of GI tract

20
Q

What happens when adrenaline binds to the b1 receptor

A

Increased heart rate and cardiac muscle contraction

21
Q

What happens when adrenaline binds to the b3 receptor

A

Thermogenesis in skeletal muscle

22
Q

What drug is used to treat acute cases of bronchoconstriction

A

Salbutamol

23
Q

Why is adrenaline not a suitable drug for acute asthma attacks

A

The adrenaline would binds to all adrenoreceptors, causing a wide range of side effects

24
Q

What is the treatment given for chronic bronchoconstriction issues

A

Theophyline

25
Q

What is the structure of enzyme coupled receptors

A

2 domains, one receptor and one enzyme domain

26
Q

What enzyme is usually at the enzyme domain of an enzyme-coupled receptor

A

Kinase

27
Q

Why do enzyme coupled receptors form dimers

A

Because they can’t phosphorylate their own tyrosine. So they dimerise and cross-phosphorylate each other

28
Q

What does cross-phosphorylation cause in enzyme coupled receptors

A

An increase in affinity for their binding sites

29
Q

How do ligand-gated ion channels work

A

Ligand binds to the receptor opening the channel, ions can then flor through

30
Q

What do ligand-gated ion channels modulate

A

Fast synaptic excitation

31
Q

Where are nuclear receptors normally found

A

In the nucleus of target cell, bound by steroid hormones

32
Q

What 2 domains do nuclear receptors contain

A

Ligand binding domain and dna binding domain

33
Q

What does activation of nuclear receptors cause

A

The transcription of key proteins

34
Q

What is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor an example of

A

A ligand gated ion channel

35
Q

What drug is useful for helping nicotine and why

A

Varenicline, because it is a partial agonist so can act antagonistically when paired with nicotine

36
Q

What is the insulin receptor an example of

A

An enzyme-linked receptor

37
Q

How many pathways can an enzyme-linked receptor lead to

A

Multiple

38
Q

How many pathways can a g-protein associated receptor bind to

A

1

39
Q

What feature of G proteins makes them have a large tissue response

A

Signal amplification

FoM - Pharmacology (1 decks)

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