cell signalling and hormones

Question 1

What must cells do?

Answer 1

defend, get food, regulation, restore.

• Cells constantly receive and interpret signals
• Most cells must receive signals constantly to keep them alive

Question 2

Why do proteins play an important part in cell signalling?

Answer 2

-they deal with information processing

Question 3

In multi-cellular organisms, where can signals come from?

Answer 3

-signals can come from other cells or from the same cell

Question 4

What is an autocrine signal ?

Answer 4

When a cell can be signalled by the same cell?

Question 5

What is a paracrine signal?

What is a cytokine?

Answer 5

When there is cell signalling between nearby cells.

A cytokine is the type of signal during this and is a chemical messenger.

Question 6

How do signals travel from one area of the body to another?

Answer 6

Via Multi-cellular organisms through the endocrine system signalling by hormones

Question 7

Discuss cell signalling via synapses?

Answer 7

Neruotransmitters in the nervous system are released From a nerve ending and diffuse to receptors in every close proximity

Question 8

Name all 4 ways signals can travel in the body?

Answer 8

• Autocrine signal- cell signalling within a cell
• Paracrine signal-cell signalling between nearby cells through the hormone cytokine
• Via multi-cellular organisms through the endocrine system
• VIa synapses

Question 9

In what forms can signal be in?

Answer 9

• Hormones
• chemical elements
• light
• heat
• water

Question 10

What happens when a signal is sent out?

Answer 10

It triggers a number of steps that it triggers, this is called a cascade of events. A response then occurs.

Question 11

What can the signalling systems do?

Answer 11

• Warn off pathogens
• alter/reguate metabolic processes
• switch on or turn off

Question 12

Give 2 examples of information processing?

Answer 12

• Cascade of events during a muscular contraction

- Insulin signals

Question 13

Example how hormones can be altered by being sent out as signals to alter
out cellular metabolism?

Answer 13

• when blood glucose levels are high
• insulin is released, travels through the blood until it hits organ or cell receptor
• Binds to insulin receptor on the cell membrane.
• triggers cascade of events that causes responses
• adjusts blood glucose level

Question 14

What are the 2 different pathways of cell signalling?

Answer 14

1. -Binging to a receptor on the membrane wall

It either stays on the membrane wall or it can move into the cell and trigger a response in the cell

2.Signal approaching cell and moves through the cell membrane wall and binds with the receptor inside the cell, triggering the cascade of events

Question 15

In order for a cell signal to move through a membrane wall, what must it be?

Answer 15

Lipid soluble

Question 16

What is a intracellular receptor? give examples

Answer 16

A receptor inside a cell for which the signal can attach to

• steroid hormones
• thyroid hormones
• vitamins

Question 17

what sort of responses can there be?

Answer 17

• change in the metabolism of the cell (change in enzyme activity)
• change in the electrical charge across the membrane (ion channel activity)
• change in gene expression