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Cancer Biology > Cell Signalling > Flashcards

Cell Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

A signalling cell secretes a ligand and this works locally on another cell which expresses the cell surface receptor

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2
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

A signalling cell secretes a ligand, but the cell which secreted it expresses the receptor and therefore it works on itself

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3
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A

An endocrine cell secretes a hormone -> enters the blood stream -> delivered to the target cell which expresses the receptor

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4
Q

Give an example of endocrine signalling

A

Insulin is produced -> enters the blood -> has to reach target tissues which are far away including skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue

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5
Q

What is synaptic signalling?

A

The neuronal cell body secretes a neurotransmitter in a vesicle into the synapse -> binds to the cognate receptors on the target cell

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6
Q

What is contact dependent signalling?

A

The signalling molecule contains a membrane-bound signal molecule and therefore the target cell has to be in close proximity to be activated

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7
Q

What is matrix dependent signalling?

A

The tissue above induce inflammation to be passed from the basement membrane to the focal membranes and hemidesmosomes

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8
Q

What is gap junction signalling?

A

Direct cell to cell contact through gap junctions to transmit a signal

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9
Q

What are the 4 forms of signal transduction?

A

Conformational-coupling (preformed complex)
Conformational-coupling (diffusion-dependent complex formation)
Posttranslational modification
Protein degradation

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10
Q

What is conformational-coupling (preformed complex)?

A

the proteins are directly coupled to one another

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11
Q

What is conformational-coupling (diffusion-dependent complex formation)?

A

The two proteins are far apart and therefore have to diffuse to be brought together so they can bind

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12
Q

What is posttranslational modification?

A

One protein activates another through posttranslational modifications

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13
Q

What is protein degradation?

A

The proteins are bound together normally and degradation of one results in activation of the other

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14
Q

What are protein:protein interactions?

A

Where one protein binding to another induces a response

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15
Q

What is macromolecular complexes?

A

Involves a scaffold

The proteins bind to the scaffold is a specific order so they can only interact with the one specific protein

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16
Q

What are protein modules?

A

Domains which bind to a specific phosphorylated residue on a target protein

17
Q

Name 6 examples of protein modules

A 
SH2 
PTB 
14-3-3 
Sh3 
PDZ 
WW
18
Q

What does SH2 recognise?

A

Phosphotyrosine motif

19
Q

What does PTB domain recognise?

A

Phosphotyrosine motif (different sequence to SH2)

20
Q

What does 14-3-3 recognise?

A

Phosphorylated serine residues

21
Q

What does SH3 recognise?

A

Proline rich regions

22
Q

What is the MAPK signalling pathway?

A

EGF -> EGFR phosphorylation -> SHC -> GRB2 -> SOS -> Ras -> Raf -> MEK -> ERK -> Myc, Ap1, ETS and EGR1

23
Q

What 5 ways can a target cell become desensitised to a signalling molecule

A 
Receptor sequestration 
Receptor downregulation 
Receptor inactivation 
Inactivation of signalling protein 
Production of inhibitory protein
24
Q

What is receptor sequestration?

A

The signalling molecule binds to receptor -> internalised as an endosome -> receptor translocates back to the membrane and the ligand is degraded

25
Q

What is receptor downregulation?

A

The receptor is internalised along with the ligand -> both degraded in the lysosome

26
Q

What is receptor inactivation?

A

A protein binds to the cytoplasmic region of the receptor and inhibits it

27
Q

What is inactivation of signalling protein?

A

A protein binds to the downstream target of the receptor and inhibits it

28
Q

What is production of an inhibitory protein?

A

A downstream protein is produced which inhibits one of the proteins upstream

29
Q

Cancers associated with the MAPK signalling pathway

A 
Hypermutated CRC 
Non-hypermutated CRC 
Melanoma
Glioblastoma 
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma 
Lung adrenocarcinoma
30
Q

Types of mutations in EGFR?

A

Receptor amplification
Mutations on the extracellular region so it thinks it is seeing a ligand when it is not, making it constitutively active
Mutations in the intracellular domain of the receptor making it constitutively active

Cancer Biology (13 decks)

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