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Exercise Science Final > Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Response to Exercise > Flashcards

Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Response to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroendocrine system:

A

Endocrine system releases hormones

Nervous system uses neurotransmitters

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2
Q

Endocrine glands =

A

Release hormones directly into the blood

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3
Q

Hormones =

A

Alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind

Several classes based on chemical makeup
> Amino acid derivatives
> Peptides/protein
> Steroids

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4
Q

The effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined by:

A

Plasma concentration of hormone

Rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland

Rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone

Quantity of transport protein

Changes in plasma volume

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5
Q

Rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland =

A

Magnitude of input

Stimulatory versus inhibitory input

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6
Q

Rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone =

A

At the receptor and by the liver and kidneys

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7
Q

Incretin =

A

gut-derived peptide hormone that are rapidly secreted in response to a meal – stimulate B cells to postprandially secrete insulin

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8
Q

The overarching role of insulin in the body:

A

regulate the body’s energy supply or glucose by transporting glucose intracellularly to cells, tissue

To be used as energy and to maintain blood glucose levels at a ‘normal’ level which ideally is less than 100mg/DL of blood – over 126 is indicative of diabetes

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9
Q

Contributing factors to increase insulin secretion by the pancreas are:

A

increased plasma glucose levels

glucose circulating in the blood stream

increased amino acid

automonic nervous system adjustment from both SNS and PSNS

incretins

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10
Q

Hormone-Receptor Interactions

A

Hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors

Hormones have to be congruent with a receptor inorder to activate the cell

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11
Q

Magnitude of effect of Hormone-Receptor Interactions dependent on:

A

Concentration of the hormone

Number of receptors on the cell

Affinity of the receptor for the hormone

Speed with which hormone is metabolized

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12
Q

Downregulation =

A

Decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone

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13
Q

Upregulation =

A

Increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone

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14
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

A

Altering activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis

Activating second messengers via G protein
= Cascade of events leads to a second messenger = Cyclic AMP, Ca++

Altering membrane transport = Insulin via tyrosine kinase = large class of transmembrane receptors; play a key role in regulation of glucose homeostasis

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15
Q

Hormones are secreted from endocrine glands:

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary glands

Thyroid and parathyroid glands

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Testes and ovaries

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16
Q

endocrine system is comprised of:

A

pineal gland
thymus
ovary
testicle
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
pancreas
adrenal glands
placenta - during pregnancy

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17
Q

Hypothalamus =

A

Stimulates release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland

Provides hormones for release from posterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

Hypothalamus function:

A

Coordinates the endocrine system: main function is to keep body in homeostasis

Body Temperature
BP
Hunger and Thirst
Satiety
Mood
Libido
Sleep

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19
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland
hormones released:

A

ACTH
FSH
LH
MSH
TSH
Prolactin
GH

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20
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates cortisol (stress = increased levels) release from adrenal glands

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21
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Sexual development & reproduction

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22
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen

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23
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Stimulates production of melanin

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24
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Controls thyroid hormone (growth, metabolism) release from thyroid gland

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25
Prolactin
Stimulates release/production of breast milk
26
Growth hormone (GH)
Controls height, bone length, and muscle growth
27
Growth Hormone and Performance
More adverse effects than benefits Irreversible acromegaly Heart disease Diabetes Not advocated as anti-aging therapy = Increased lean body mass but no change in strength
28
GH increases protein synthesis in muscle and long bone growth
Used to treat childhood dwarfism Also used by athletes and older adults = Increased release during exercise
29
GH injections
Increase exercise capacity and muscle mass in conjunction with resistance training
30
Posterior Pituitary Gland hormones released:
oxytocin ADH
31
Oxytocin =
Stimulates smooth muscle during childbirth and milk production
32
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) =
Reduces water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume Favors reabsorption of water from kidney tubules to capillaries Release stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume Due to sweat loss without water replacement Increases during exercise >60% VO2 max (moderate to vigorous exercise) = To maintain plasma volume
33
Thyroid Gland
butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just below the larynx or Adam's apple produces hormones that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight Stimulated by TSH (Anterior Pituitary) releases: Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin
34
Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
Establishment of metabolic rate Permissive hormones = Permit full effect of other hormones Latent period but long lasting Increased secretion in CV exercise
35
Calcitonin =
Regulation of plasma Ca++ Opposes effect of parathyroid
36
Parathyroid Gland
releases parathyroid hormone = Primary hormone in plasma Ca++ regulation
37
Parathyroid hormone =
Stimulates Ca++ release from bone Stimulates reabsorption of Ca++ by kidneys Converts vitamin D3 into a hormone that increase Ca++ absorption from GI tract High intensity exercise > 50 minutes or low intensity exercise > 5 hours increases parathyroid hormone levels
38
Adrenal Medulla
Secretes the catecholamines Part of the sympathetic nervous system Dopamine, Epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) Fast-acting hormones Work to ensure stable blood pressure and plasma glucose Released in response to physical and emotional stress Bind to adrenergic receptors: Alpha and Beta
39
Adrenal Medulla - Effects depend on hormone used and receptor type
Can be both excitatory or inhibitory
40
Epinephrine
E = increase HR and force of contraction
41
Norepinephrine
N = vasoconstriction
42
Adrenal Cortex
Secretes steroid hormones Mineralcorticoids = Aldosterone, Maintenance of plasma Na+ , K + and water balance Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure Part of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: All three hormones increase during exercise critical regulator of blood volume, electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance
43
Adrenal Cortex Stimulated by:
Increased K+ concentration = plasma osmolality Decreased plasma volume = hypovolemic
44
Adrenal Cortex Works to increase plasma volume
Glucocorticoids > Cortisol > Regulation of plasma glucose Sex steroids > Androgens and estrogens > Support prepubescent growth
45
Adrenal glands =
suprarenal glands small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions
46
Change in Renin, Angiotensin II, and Aldosterone During Exercise
With increased exercise intensity all 3 components of the R A A S increase for blood volume control
47
Cortisol - Maintenance of plasma glucose:
Promotes protein breakdown for gluconeogenesis = stimulates glucose synthesis Stimulates FFA mobilization from adipose tissue Stimulated by: > stress > exercise
48
Cortisol secreted from adrenal glands is responsible for ___
gluconeogenesis = glucose production from non carbohydrate components Mobilizes FFA from adipose tissue for production of glucose or gluconeogenesis Stimulated by stress and exercise
49
In addition to storing triglycerides, adipose tissue also secretes hormones
leptin adiponectin With increased fat mass > Higher leptin levels and lower adiponectin > Leads to type 2 diabetes and low-grade inflammation
50
Leptin =
Influences appetite through the hypothalamus Increases insulin resistance
51
Adiponectin =
Increases insulin sensitivity
52
Pancreas
Both exocrine and endocrine functions Secretes: Insulin (from beta cells) > Transports glucose to cells for energy > Lack of insulin = diabetes mellitus Glucagon (from alpha cells) > Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose primarily in the liver = glycogenolysis Somatostatin = Controls rate of entry of nutrients into the circulation Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate = Into the small intestine
53
Testosterone =
Released from testes Anabolic steroid > Promotes tissue (muscle) building > Performance enhancement Androgenic steroid > Promotes masculine characteristics
54
Estrogen and Progesterone
> Released from ovaries > Establish and maintain reproductive function > Levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle
55
Anabolic Steroids and Performance
Increase lean body mass, muscle mass, and strength = Amplified when added with resistance exercise Many negative side effects > Mood and behavior disorders > Cardiovascular disease > Liver dysfunction > Insulin resistance
56
Muscle as an Endocrine Gland
Skeletal muscle produces myokines when it contracts > Regulation of lipid metabolism Interleukin 6 (IL-6) > IL-6 produced during exercise promotes anti-inflammatory effect
57
Regular exercise promotes anti-inflammatory environment
Reduction in chronic inflammation and reduced risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers
58
Muscle Glycogen Utilizatio
High intensity exercise = increase in plasma epinephrine = Glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose) is related to exercise intensity High-intensity exercise results in greater and more rapid glycogen depletion
59
Plasma glucose maintained through:
Mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen stores Mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol (mostly liver and kidneys) Controlled by hormones > Slow-acting = Thyroxine, cortisol, and growth hormone > Fast-acting = Epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, and glucagon
60
Thyroid Hormones: Exercise
Act in a permissive manner to allow other hormones to exert their full effect No real change in T3 and T4 during exercise
61
Slow-acting hormone (cortisol) Effects
Stimulate FFA mobilization from adipose tissue Enhance gluconeogenesis in the liver Decrease the rate of glucose utilization by cells
62
Cortisol: Effects of exercise
Decrease during low-intensity exercise linear Increase during high-intensity exercise > Above ~60% VO2 max
63
Growth Hormone: Exercise Effects
Supports the action of cortisol > Decreases glucose uptake by tissues > Increases free fatty acid mobilization > Enhances gluconeogenesis in the liver Exercise effect > Increase in plasma GH with increased intensity
64
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: Exercise
Fast-acting hormones Maintain blood glucose during exercise Muscle glycogen mobilization Increasing liver glucose mobilization Increasing FFA mobilization Interfere with glucose uptake Plasma E and NE increase during exercise Also related to increased heart rate and blood pressure during exercise
65
Insulin and Glucagon: Exercis
Fast-acting hormones Insulin > Increased insulin sensitivity > Decrease secretion Glucagon > Mobilization of glucose and FFA fuels > Increased secretion Insulin and glucagon secretion influenced by catecholamines
66

Exercise Science Final (6 decks)

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