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BMEG 245 > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

5-3, 6-1

1
Q

What is cell signalling?

A

The process by which cells communicate with eash other and the environment, cell signaling changes cell behavior

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2
Q

What discoveries have come from an improved understanding of cell signalling?

A

Improved understanding of communication with our environment (smell, touch, etc), therapies for cardiac failure, hypertension, tissue engineering

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3
Q

What internal signals change cell behavior?

A

Hormones, Nutrients, Neurotransmitters, metabolities

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4
Q

What external signals change cell behaviour?

A

Nutrients, toxins, sensory cues

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5
Q

What is an autocrine signal?

A

when a cell signals itself

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6
Q

What is a paracrine signal?

A

When a cell signals its neighbour

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7
Q

What is an endocrine signal?

A

When a cell signals a cell far away (signal travels through circulatory signal)

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8
Q

What are the basic steps of cell signalling?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Propagation
  3. Amplification
  4. Cellular Response
  5. Termination
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9
Q

What happens during initiation? (Cell signalling)

A

A signal binds to a receptor on a cell

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10
Q

What happens during propagation? (Cell signalling)

A

Signalling protein is triggered inside cell

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11
Q

What happens during amplification? (Cell signalling)

A

signalling protein triggers other signalling proteins

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12
Q

What happens during cellular response? (Cell signalling)

A

Effector proteins cause a change in behaviour

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13
Q

What happens during termination? (Cell signalling)

A

Cell stops response

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14
Q

Is the speed of cell response uniform?

A

No, it can be fast or slow

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15
Q

What are the two main classes of cell signals?

A

Long Range (Endocrine), Short Range (Paracrine and Endocrine)

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16
Q

What are characteristics of Long Range signals?

A

Signals are typically produced far from the target tissue, endocrine signals circulate through the animal

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17
Q

What are characteristics of Short range signals?

A

Act on short distances, use paracrine / autocrine singaling

18
Q

What is Synaptic signalling?

A

Pre synaptic cell releases transmitters which trigger post - synaptic cell

19
Q

What is contact cell signaling?

A

Protein from inside of signalling cell hangs outside cell and triggers proteins on outside of target cell

20
Q

What is an example of an endocrine signal?

A

Adrenaline, released from the adrenal gland, travels through the blood and signals the whole body

21
Q

Do all cells respond to all signals?

A

No - a cell can only respond to a signal if the cell expresses a receptor for that signal

22
Q

Can there be multiple receptors for a single signal?

A

Yes, Acetylcholine can cause salivation, skeletal muscle contraction, and decreasing heart rate

23
Q

What are the two classes of signal receptors?

A

Cell surface, intracellular

24
Q

How do cell surface receptor work?

A

They interact with a receptor protein which initiates a intracellular signalling cascade which creates change in cell

25
Q

How to intracellular cell receptors work?

A

They diffuse through plasma membrane, interact with a receptor protein and directly change the function of a cell (ie. cortisol)

26
Q

How do cells make decisions when integrating multiple signals?

A

???

27
Q

What are the three types of cell - surface receptors?

A

Ion-channel coupled, g-protein coupled, enzyme linked

28
Q

How do pre - synaptic cells interact with post - synaptic cells in ion channel coupled receptors?

A

???

29
Q

Discuss the changes to membrane potential, opening voltage gated channels, propagating signal
down the neuron and stimulating exocytosis of new neurotransmitters to the next neuron

A

???

30
Q

What are the 4 features of GPCRs?

A
  1. Transverse the membrane as 7 alpha helices
  2. 7000 Members in the family
  3. Signals that bind to GPCRs include hormones, neurotransmitters, fatty acids, proteins, odourants, etc
  4. Amenable to pharmacological manipulation
31
Q

What do the GPCR and G protein subunits sub-units (α, β, γ) look like at rest?

A

α subunit binds to GDP, α and γ are tethered to cell membrane

32
Q

What happens at initiation in GPCRs signal through G proteins?

A

signal / ligand binds to CPCR on outside of cell which causes α to associate with GDP, α dissociates from β and γ

33
Q

What happens at propagation in GPCRs signal through G proteins?

A

α and βγ subunits of G proteins associate with many

targets

34
Q

What happens at amplification in GPCRs signal through G proteins?

A

Activated G proteins associate with enzymes which trigger second messenger

35
Q

What are examples of second messengers in GCPR cell signalling?

A

cyclic AMP, inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, Ca2+, cyclic GMP

36
Q

Describe how cAMP is involved in signal amplification

A

adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP and phospholipase C,

37
Q

Identify two features of an enzyme-linked receptor

A

Often have only a single transmembrane
pass, and alpha helix , Signals that activate enzyme-linked
receptors include hormones and growth
factors

38
Q

Describe the sequence of events that occurs

after a signal binds to an enzyme-linked receptor

A
  1. Receptor tyrosine kinases dimerize upon ligand binding, Dimerization induces receptor tyrosine kinase activity 2. Activated receptor recruits many proteins 3. Receptor-associated proteins amplify the signal, Several enzyme-linked receptors activate GTPase Ras 4. Activation of Ras has diverse effects on cellular proteins and transcription to change cell behaviour 5. Protein tyrosine phosphatases terminate the signal
39
Q

Compare and contrast cell signaling mediated by GPCRs and enzyme-linked receptors

A

???

40
Q

Name two diseases linked with GPCRs

A

Hypertension, congestive

heart failure

41
Q

Name two diseases linked with enzyme-linked receptors

A

Congenital growth
disorders
§ Craniosynostosis

BMEG 245 (6 decks)

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