Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Structure and Function in Bacteria and Archaea > Cell Shape, Size, and Arrangement > Flashcards

Cell Shape, Size, and Arrangement Flashcards

1
Q

sphere shape bacteria

A

Cocci (s., coccus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sphere-shaped bacteria in pairs

A

Diplococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sphere-shaped bacteria in chains

A

Streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

grape-like clusters

A

Staphylococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3-D cube bacteria

A

Sarcina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cylindrical-shaped bacteria

A

Rod or bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

very short rods

A

coccobacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

resemble rods, comma shaped

A

Vibrios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

rigid helices

A

spirilla (spirillum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

flexible helices

A

spirochetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

organisms that are variable in shape

A

pleomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

smallest microorganism

A

0.3 micrometer (Mycoplasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

average rod

A

1.1 -1.5 x 2-6 micrometer (E. coli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

very large microorganism

A

600 x 80 micrometer (Epulopiscium fishelsoni)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Size-shape Relationship

A
  1. Important for Nutrient Uptake
  2. Surface to Volume Ratio (S/V)
  3. small size may be protective mechanism from predation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bacterial Cell Organization

A

Cell envelope
Cytoplasm
External Structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Layers of the Bacterial Envelope

A

Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Layers outside the cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

thin barrier that surrounds the cell and separated the cytoplasm from the cell’s environment

A

Bacterial Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

gatekeeper for substances that enter and exit the cell

A

Bacterial Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Plasma Membrane is composed of amphiphatic lipids —

A

a. polar ends (hydrophilic)
b. non-polar tails (hydrophobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Peripheral proteins are

A

loosely connected to membrane; easily removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Integral Proteins function

A

transport nutrients;
detector and pumps Hydrogen to generate ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Selectively permeable membrane

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what molecules does plasma membrane selects to pass through

A

Small, neutral molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cell Wall Functions

A

a. Confers shape and rigidity on the cell
b. Helps protect cell from osmotic lysis
c. Helps protect from toxic materials
d. May contribute to pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Integrity of Gram + and Gram -: Hopanoid: Mycoplasma:

A

Sterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

rigid structure that lies just outside the cell plasma membrane

A

Peptidoglycan (murein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

stain purple; thick peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

stain pink or red; thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane

A

Gram-negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Peptidoglycan composed of two sugar derivatives called

A

N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Peptidoglycan strands have a helical shape

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Peptidoglycan chains are cross-linked by peptides for strength

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

interconnected networks

A

peptidoglycan sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Gram-positive cell walls does not contain teichoic acids (negatively charged).

A

FALSE, ‘cause they have them to maintain cell envelope, protect the cell from enviro substances and may be used to bind to host cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

capsules and slime layers and S layer

A

Glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Aid in attachment to solid surfaces

A

E.g., Biofilms in plants and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

usually composed of polysaccharides; well-organized and not easily removed from cell; resistant to phagocytosis and protect cell from desiccation

A

CAPSULES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized and easily removed; they may also aid in motility

A

Slime Layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

regularly structured layers of protein or glycoprotein that self-assemble

A

S-Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Gram-Negative: Outer membrane: Gram-Positive:

A

Peptidoglycan surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

S Layer Functions

A

A. Protect from Ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes and predation
B. Maintains shape and rigidity
C. Promotes adhesion to surfaces
D. Protects from host defenses
E. Potential use in nanotechnology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Bacterial Cytoplasmic Structure

A

Cytoskeleton
Intracytoplasmic membranes
Inclusions
Ribosomes
Nucleoid and plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Not common to all Bacteria (Cytoplasmic Structures)

A

Cytoskeleton
Plasmids
Intracytoplasmic membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

plasma membrane and everything within

A

Protoplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

material bounded by the plasmid membrane

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Homologs of all 3 eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements

A

Tubulin Homologues
Actin Homologues
Intermediate Filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Tubulin Homologues

A

FtsZ - crosswalls
BtubA/BtubB - Stalk (Prosthecobacter spp.)
TubZ - encode by large plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

many bacteria; forms ring during septum formation in cell division

A

FtsZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

many rods; maintains shape by positioning peptidoglycan synthesis machinery

A

MreB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

rare, maintains curve shape

A

CreS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

observed in many photosynthetic bacteria and those with high respiratory activity

A

Plasma Membrane infoldings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

organelle site of anaerobic ammonia oxidation

A

Anammoxosome in Plantomycetes

53
Q

granules of organic and inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use

A

Inclusions (Phosphate and amino acids)

54
Q

may be referred to as microcompartments

A

Inclusions

55
Q

Storage of nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks

A

Storage Inclusions

56
Q

Storage Inclusions

A

a. Glycogen storage
b. Carbon storage (poly-Beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
c. Phosphate - Polyphosphate (Volutin)
d. Amino acids - cyanophycin granules

57
Q

Cyanobacter has _______________, which a CO2 fixing bacteria

A

Carboxysomes

58
Q

What does carboxysome contain for CO2 fixation?

A

Rubulose-1,5,-biphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco)

59
Q

Found in aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria and archaea like Planktons; they provide buoyancy in gas vesicles

A

GAS VACUOLES

60
Q

found in aquatic bacteria; magnetite particles for orientation in Earth’s magnetic field

A

MAGNETOSOMES

61
Q

Helps form magnetosome chain

A

Cytoskeletal protein MamK

62
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

RIBOSOMES

63
Q

The S=Svedburg unit refers to the

A

Sedimentation Rate

64
Q

Bacterial and Archaea ribosome

A

70S
(It is not exactly 80S because it overlaps)

65
Q

Location of chromosome and associated proteins

A

Nucleoid

66
Q

Closed circular, double-stranded DNA molecule

A

Plasmid

67
Q

Supercoiling and nucleoid proteins aid in folding

A

Histone-like

68
Q

Importance of Lipopolysaccharides

A
  • contributes to negative charge on cell surface
  • helps stabilize outer membrane structure
  • may contribute to attachment to surfaces and biofilm formation
  • creates a permeability barrier
  • protection from host defenses (O antigen)
  • can act as an edotoxin (lipid A)
69
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Gram-negative outer membrane is more permeable than plasma membrane due to presence of porin proteins and transporter proteins

A

TRUE

70
Q

form channels to let small molecules (600-700 daltons) pass

A

PORIN PROTEINS

71
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Gram stain reaction was due to nature of cell wall

A

TRUE

72
Q

How does the loss of crystal violet during decoloration step prevented?

A

It is due to the constriction, wherein the pores of peptidoglycan of the Gram-positive layer shrinks

73
Q

Solute concentration outside the cell is less than inside the cell; water moves into cell and cell swells

A

Hypotonic environment

74
Q

solute concentration outside the cell is greater than inside; water leaves the cell and plasmolysis occurs

A

HYPERTONIC ENVIRONMENT

75
Q

Evidence of Protective Nature of the Cell Wall

It breaks the bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

A

Lysozyme

76
Q

Evidence of Protective Nature of the Cell Wall

Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

A

Penicillin

77
Q

Cells that lose a Cell Wall May Survive in Isotonic Environments

A
  • Protoplast
  • Spheroplasts
  • Mycoplasma
    ( Plasma Membrane is more resistant to osmotic pressure)
78
Q

exist and replicate independently of chromosome

A

plasmids

79
Q

may integrate into chromosome

A

episomes

80
Q

contain few genes that are non-essential; confer selective advantage to host (e.g., drug resistant, pathogenecity)

A

Plasmid

81
Q

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another

A

Conjugative Plasmid

82
Q

carry antibiotic-resistance genes

A

R-plasmids

83
Q

Production of antibiotics

A

Col Plasmids

84
Q

Carry genes that cause diseases

A

Virulence Plasmids

85
Q

Synthesis of enzymes

A

Metabolic Plasmids

86
Q

presence or absence of oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

87
Q

Extend beyond the cell envelope in bacteria; Function in protection, attachment to surfaces, horizontal gene transfer, cell movement

A

Pili and Fimbriae and Flagella

88
Q

short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages (up to 1000/cell)

A

Fimbriae; pili

89
Q

can mediate attachment to surfaces, motility, DNA uptake

A

Fimbriae; pili

90
Q

longer, thicker, and leas numerous (1-10/cell); genes for formation found on plasmids; required for conjugation

A

SEX PILI

91
Q

Threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall

A

Flagella

92
Q

Functions of flagella

A

motility and swarming behavior
attachment to surfaces
may be virulence factors

93
Q

Thin, rigid protein structures that cannot be observed with bright-field microscope unless specially stained

A

BACTERIAL FLAGELLA

94
Q

one flagellum

A

Monotrichous

95
Q

Flagellum at end of cell

A

Polar flagellum

96
Q

One flagellum at each end of cell

A

Amphitrichous

97
Q

Cluster of flagella at one or both ends

A

Lopotrichous

98
Q

flagella all over the cell surface

A

Peritrichous

99
Q

Three parts of Flagella

A

Filament, Hook, and Basal body

100
Q

extends from cell surface to the tip; hollow, rigid cylinder of flagellin protein

A

FILAMENT

101
Q

links filament to basal body

A

HOOK

102
Q

series of rings that drive flagellar motor

A

Basal body

103
Q

filament subunits self-assemble with help of filament cap at

A

TIP, NOT BASE

104
Q

Movement due to chemicals

A

CHEMOTAXIS

105
Q

Move toward chemical attractants such as nutrients

A

POSITIVE CHARGE

106
Q

Movement away of from harmful substances

A

NEGATIVE CHARGE

107
Q

Movement in response to temperature, light, oxygen, osmotic pressure, and gravity

A

MOTILITY

108
Q

Flagellum rotates like a propeller; CCW=Forward and CW=Tumble

A

FLAGELLAR MOVEMENT

109
Q
  • C (FliG protein) ring and MS ring turn and interact with stator
A

ROTOR

110
Q

MotA and MotB proteins; form channel through plasma membrane

A

STATOR

111
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Protons move through MotA and MotB channels using energy proton motive force

A

TRUE

112
Q

powers rotation of the basal body and filament

A

TORQUE

113
Q

Corkscrew shape exhibits flexing and spinning movements

A

SPIROCHETE MOTILITY

114
Q

may involve Type IV pili and slime; short, intermittent, jerky motions

A

TWITCHING MOTILITY

115
Q

smooth movements

A

GLIDING MOTILITY

116
Q

Movement toward a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellent

A

CHEMOTAXIS

117
Q

negative stimuli

A

TUMBLE

118
Q

No attractant present

A

Random movement Forward run

119
Q

Attractant present

A

Directed movement

120
Q

Moving towards the source of light

A

Phototaxis

121
Q

Complex, dormant structure formed by some bacteria; resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, dessication

A

Bacterial Endospore

122
Q

spore surrounded by thin covering

A

EXOSPORIUM

123
Q

What makes an Endospore so resistant?

A

-Calcium (Complex with dipicolinic acid)
-Small, acid-soluble, DNA-binding proteins (SASPs)
-Dehydrated core
-spore coat and exosporium protect

124
Q

process of endospore formation

A

SPORULATION

125
Q

Sporulation Process

A
  1. Inward folding
  2. Septum formation
  3. Engulfment
  4. Cortex Formation
  5. Coat Synthesis
  6. Completion; Increase in refractility and heat resistance
  7. Lysis
126
Q

Prepares spores for germination

A

activation

127
Q

Spore swelling and rupture of absorption of spore coat

A

GERMINATION

128
Q

emergence of vegetative cell

A

outgrowth

Cell Structure and Function in Bacteria and Archaea (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions