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Cell Structure and Function in Bacteria and Archaea > Cell Shape, Size, and Arrangement > Flashcards

Cell Shape, Size, and Arrangement Flashcards

1
Q

sphere shape bacteria

A

Cocci (s., coccus)

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2
Q

sphere-shaped bacteria in pairs

A

Diplococcus

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3
Q

sphere-shaped bacteria in chains

A

Streptococcus

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4
Q

grape-like clusters

A

Staphylococcus

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5
Q

3-D cube bacteria

A

Sarcina

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6
Q

cylindrical-shaped bacteria

A

Rod or bacillus

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7
Q

very short rods

A

coccobacilli

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8
Q

resemble rods, comma shaped

A

Vibrios

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9
Q

rigid helices

A

spirilla (spirillum)

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10
Q

flexible helices

A

spirochetes

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11
Q

organisms that are variable in shape

A

pleomorphic

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12
Q

smallest microorganism

A

0.3 micrometer (Mycoplasma)

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13
Q

average rod

A

1.1 -1.5 x 2-6 micrometer (E. coli)

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14
Q

very large microorganism

A

600 x 80 micrometer (Epulopiscium fishelsoni)

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15
Q

Size-shape Relationship

A
  1. Important for Nutrient Uptake
  2. Surface to Volume Ratio (S/V)
  3. small size may be protective mechanism from predation
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16
Q

Bacterial Cell Organization

A

Cell envelope
Cytoplasm
External Structures

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17
Q

Layers of the Bacterial Envelope

A

Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Layers outside the cell wall

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18
Q

thin barrier that surrounds the cell and separated the cytoplasm from the cell’s environment

A

Bacterial Plasma Membrane

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19
Q

gatekeeper for substances that enter and exit the cell

A

Bacterial Plasma Membrane

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20
Q

Plasma Membrane is composed of amphiphatic lipids —

A

a. polar ends (hydrophilic)
b. non-polar tails (hydrophobic)

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21
Q

Peripheral proteins are

A

loosely connected to membrane; easily removed

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22
Q

Integral Proteins function

A

transport nutrients;
detector and pumps Hydrogen to generate ATP

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23
Q

Selectively permeable membrane

A

Plasma membrane

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24
Q

what molecules does plasma membrane selects to pass through

A

Small, neutral molecules

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25
Q

Cell Wall Functions

A

a. Confers shape and rigidity on the cell
b. Helps protect cell from osmotic lysis
c. Helps protect from toxic materials
d. May contribute to pathogenicity

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26
Q

Integrity of Gram + and Gram -: Hopanoid: Mycoplasma:

A

Sterol

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27
Q

rigid structure that lies just outside the cell plasma membrane

A

Peptidoglycan (murein)

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28
Q

stain purple; thick peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive

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29
Q

stain pink or red; thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane

A

Gram-negative

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30
Q

Peptidoglycan composed of two sugar derivatives called

A

N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Peptidoglycan strands have a helical shape

A

TRUE

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Peptidoglycan chains are cross-linked by peptides for strength

A

TRUE

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33
Q

interconnected networks

A

peptidoglycan sacs

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34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Gram-positive cell walls does not contain teichoic acids (negatively charged).

A

FALSE, ‘cause they have them to maintain cell envelope, protect the cell from enviro substances and may be used to bind to host cells.

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35
Q

capsules and slime layers and S layer

A

Glycocalyx

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36
Q

Aid in attachment to solid surfaces

A

E.g., Biofilms in plants and animals

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37
Q

usually composed of polysaccharides; well-organized and not easily removed from cell; resistant to phagocytosis and protect cell from desiccation

A

CAPSULES

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38
Q

similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized and easily removed; they may also aid in motility

A

Slime Layers

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39
Q

regularly structured layers of protein or glycoprotein that self-assemble

A

S-Layer

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40
Q

Gram-Negative: Outer membrane: Gram-Positive:

A

Peptidoglycan surface

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41
Q

S Layer Functions

A

A. Protect from Ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes and predation
B. Maintains shape and rigidity
C. Promotes adhesion to surfaces
D. Protects from host defenses
E. Potential use in nanotechnology

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42
Q

Bacterial Cytoplasmic Structure

A

Cytoskeleton
Intracytoplasmic membranes
Inclusions
Ribosomes
Nucleoid and plasmids

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43
Q

Not common to all Bacteria (Cytoplasmic Structures)

A

Cytoskeleton
Plasmids
Intracytoplasmic membranes

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44
Q

plasma membrane and everything within

A

Protoplast

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45
Q

material bounded by the plasmid membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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46
Q

Homologs of all 3 eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements

A

Tubulin Homologues
Actin Homologues
Intermediate Filament

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47
Q

Tubulin Homologues

A

FtsZ - crosswalls
BtubA/BtubB - Stalk (Prosthecobacter spp.)
TubZ - encode by large plasmids

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48
Q

many bacteria; forms ring during septum formation in cell division

A

FtsZ

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49
Q

many rods; maintains shape by positioning peptidoglycan synthesis machinery

A

MreB

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50
Q

rare, maintains curve shape

A

CreS

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51
Q

observed in many photosynthetic bacteria and those with high respiratory activity

A

Plasma Membrane infoldings

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52
Q

organelle site of anaerobic ammonia oxidation

A

Anammoxosome in Plantomycetes

53
Q

granules of organic and inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use

A

Inclusions (Phosphate and amino acids)

54
Q

may be referred to as microcompartments

A

Inclusions

55
Q

Storage of nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks

A

Storage Inclusions

56
Q

Storage Inclusions

A

a. Glycogen storage
b. Carbon storage (poly-Beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
c. Phosphate - Polyphosphate (Volutin)
d. Amino acids - cyanophycin granules

57
Q

Cyanobacter has _______________, which a CO2 fixing bacteria

A

Carboxysomes

58
Q

What does carboxysome contain for CO2 fixation?

A

Rubulose-1,5,-biphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco)

59
Q

Found in aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria and archaea like Planktons; they provide buoyancy in gas vesicles

A

GAS VACUOLES

60
Q

found in aquatic bacteria; magnetite particles for orientation in Earth’s magnetic field

A

MAGNETOSOMES

61
Q

Helps form magnetosome chain

A

Cytoskeletal protein MamK

62
Q

site of protein synthesis

63
Q

The S=Svedburg unit refers to the

A

Sedimentation Rate

64
Q

Bacterial and Archaea ribosome

A

70S
(It is not exactly 80S because it overlaps)

65
Q

Location of chromosome and associated proteins

66
Q

Closed circular, double-stranded DNA molecule

67
Q

Supercoiling and nucleoid proteins aid in folding

A

Histone-like

68
Q

Importance of Lipopolysaccharides

A
  • contributes to negative charge on cell surface
  • helps stabilize outer membrane structure
  • may contribute to attachment to surfaces and biofilm formation
  • creates a permeability barrier
  • protection from host defenses (O antigen)
  • can act as an edotoxin (lipid A)
69
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Gram-negative outer membrane is more permeable than plasma membrane due to presence of porin proteins and transporter proteins

70
Q

form channels to let small molecules (600-700 daltons) pass

A

PORIN PROTEINS

71
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Gram stain reaction was due to nature of cell wall

72
Q

How does the loss of crystal violet during decoloration step prevented?

A

It is due to the constriction, wherein the pores of peptidoglycan of the Gram-positive layer shrinks

73
Q

Solute concentration outside the cell is less than inside the cell; water moves into cell and cell swells

A

Hypotonic environment

74
Q

solute concentration outside the cell is greater than inside; water leaves the cell and plasmolysis occurs

A

HYPERTONIC ENVIRONMENT

75
Q

Evidence of Protective Nature of the Cell Wall

It breaks the bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

76
Q

Evidence of Protective Nature of the Cell Wall

Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

A

Penicillin

77
Q

Cells that lose a Cell Wall May Survive in Isotonic Environments

A
  • Protoplast
  • Spheroplasts
  • Mycoplasma
    ( Plasma Membrane is more resistant to osmotic pressure)
78
Q

exist and replicate independently of chromosome

79
Q

may integrate into chromosome

80
Q

contain few genes that are non-essential; confer selective advantage to host (e.g., drug resistant, pathogenecity)

81
Q

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another

A

Conjugative Plasmid

82
Q

carry antibiotic-resistance genes

A

R-plasmids

83
Q

Production of antibiotics

A

Col Plasmids

84
Q

Carry genes that cause diseases

A

Virulence Plasmids

85
Q

Synthesis of enzymes

A

Metabolic Plasmids

86
Q

presence or absence of oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

87
Q

Extend beyond the cell envelope in bacteria; Function in protection, attachment to surfaces, horizontal gene transfer, cell movement

A

Pili and Fimbriae and Flagella

88
Q

short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages (up to 1000/cell)

A

Fimbriae; pili

89
Q

can mediate attachment to surfaces, motility, DNA uptake

A

Fimbriae; pili

90
Q

longer, thicker, and leas numerous (1-10/cell); genes for formation found on plasmids; required for conjugation

91
Q

Threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall

92
Q

Functions of flagella

A

motility and swarming behavior
attachment to surfaces
may be virulence factors

93
Q

Thin, rigid protein structures that cannot be observed with bright-field microscope unless specially stained

A

BACTERIAL FLAGELLA

94
Q

one flagellum

A

Monotrichous

95
Q

Flagellum at end of cell

A

Polar flagellum

96
Q

One flagellum at each end of cell

A

Amphitrichous

97
Q

Cluster of flagella at one or both ends

A

Lopotrichous

98
Q

flagella all over the cell surface

A

Peritrichous

99
Q

Three parts of Flagella

A

Filament, Hook, and Basal body

100
Q

extends from cell surface to the tip; hollow, rigid cylinder of flagellin protein

101
Q

links filament to basal body

102
Q

series of rings that drive flagellar motor

A

Basal body

103
Q

filament subunits self-assemble with help of filament cap at

A

TIP, NOT BASE

104
Q

Movement due to chemicals

A

CHEMOTAXIS

105
Q

Move toward chemical attractants such as nutrients

A

POSITIVE CHARGE

106
Q

Movement away of from harmful substances

A

NEGATIVE CHARGE

107
Q

Movement in response to temperature, light, oxygen, osmotic pressure, and gravity

108
Q

Flagellum rotates like a propeller; CCW=Forward and CW=Tumble

A

FLAGELLAR MOVEMENT

109
Q
  • C (FliG protein) ring and MS ring turn and interact with stator
110
Q

MotA and MotB proteins; form channel through plasma membrane

111
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Protons move through MotA and MotB channels using energy proton motive force

112
Q

powers rotation of the basal body and filament

113
Q

Corkscrew shape exhibits flexing and spinning movements

A

SPIROCHETE MOTILITY

114
Q

may involve Type IV pili and slime; short, intermittent, jerky motions

A

TWITCHING MOTILITY

115
Q

smooth movements

A

GLIDING MOTILITY

116
Q

Movement toward a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellent

A

CHEMOTAXIS

117
Q

negative stimuli

118
Q

No attractant present

A

Random movement Forward run

119
Q

Attractant present

A

Directed movement

120
Q

Moving towards the source of light

A

Phototaxis

121
Q

Complex, dormant structure formed by some bacteria; resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, dessication

A

Bacterial Endospore

122
Q

spore surrounded by thin covering

A

EXOSPORIUM

123
Q

What makes an Endospore so resistant?

A

-Calcium (Complex with dipicolinic acid)
-Small, acid-soluble, DNA-binding proteins (SASPs)
-Dehydrated core
-spore coat and exosporium protect

124
Q

process of endospore formation

A

SPORULATION

125
Q

Sporulation Process

A
  1. Inward folding
  2. Septum formation
  3. Engulfment
  4. Cortex Formation
  5. Coat Synthesis
  6. Completion; Increase in refractility and heat resistance
  7. Lysis
126
Q

Prepares spores for germination

A

activation

127
Q

Spore swelling and rupture of absorption of spore coat

A

GERMINATION

128
Q

emergence of vegetative cell

Cell Structure and Function in Bacteria and Archaea (1 decks)

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