Cell Review Flashcards
Basic unit of structure and function of all living things?
Cells
Enumerate the basic fundamental actions for life?
Metabolism
Repair
Reproduction
Irritability
Growth
How many cells does the human body have?
60-100 Trillion
A collection of similar cells that work together in performing particular functions?
Tissue
Combination of 2 or more tissues performing a specific function?
Organ
Organs that have a similar to related function to one another?
Body system
Enumerate the 4 most important chemicals that make up the body?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
How many percent of oxygen makes up the body?
65%
How many percent of carbon makes up the body?
18.60%
How many percent of hydrogen makes up the body?
9.7
How may percent of nitrogen makes up the body?
3.20%
How many percent of calcium makes up the body?
1.80%
How many percent of phosphorus makes up the body?
1%
How many percent of potassium makes up the body?
0.40%
How many percent of sodium makes up the body?
0.20%
How many percent of Chlorine makes up the body?
0.20%
How many percent of magnesium makes up the body?
0.06%
How many percent of sulfur makes up the body?
0.04%
How many percent of iron makes up the body?
0.01%
How many percent of the iron makes up the body?
0.00%
Most important element in the human body?
Oxygen
Found in every organic molecule in the body?
Carbon
Found in all water molecules of te body as well as many other compounds making up the various tissues?
Hydrogen
Chemical that is commonommon in proteins and organic compounds?
Nitrogen
Is the primary component of the skeletal system, including the teeth, also found in the nervous system, muscles and blood?
Calcium
Chemical that is common in bones, theeeth as well as nucleic acids?
Phosphorus
Chemical found in muscles, nerves and certain tissues?
Potassium
Excreted in sweat but is also found in muscles and nerves?
Sodium
Present in the skin and facilitates water absorption by the cells?
Chlorine
Serves as a cofactor for various enzymes in the body?
Magnesium
Present in many amino acids and proteins?
Sulfur
Found mostly in the blood sinve it facilitates the transport of oxygen?
Iron
Found in certain hormones in the thyroid gland?
Iodine
Cells that store nutrients?
Fat cells
Cells that fight disease?
Macrophages
Cells that gather information and controls body function?
Nerve cells
Cells of reproduction?
Sperm and Egg cells
Cells that move organs and body parts?
Skeletal cells
Smooth muscle cells
Cells that connect body parts, form linings or transport gases?
Fibroblasts
Erythrocytes
Epithelial cells
Structure that surrounds a cell maintaining the consistency of the internal environment and protecting it from the external environment?
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is also known as what?
Plasma membrane
Means having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in or be wetted by water?
Hydrophilic
Literally means water fearing, and it describes the sgregation and apparent repulsion between water and non polar substances?
Hydrophobic
Fat based molecules that make up the cell membrane, which physically prevent water loving substances from entering or escaping the cell?
Phospholipids
Four actions of membrane proteins?
Channel Proteins
Transport Proteins
Adhesion Proteins
Receptor Proteins
Allows hydrophilic substances to enter the cell through a passageway?
Channel Proteins
Transfers substances across the membrane due to spending energy?
Transport Proteins
Alternative name for Transport Proteins?
Active Transport Protein
Attaches cells to neighboring cells or acts as anchors so that they can function as a unit?
Adhesion proteins
Provides the binding site for enzymes or hormones?
Receptor proteins
Fluid where the cellular organelles are suspend, fills the occupied by the organelles?
Cytoplasm
Used to collective describe the total fluid content of the cytoplasm and the nucleus?
Protoplasm
Contains molecules such as enzymes which are responsible for breaking down waste and also aid in metabolic activity, responsible for giving the cell its shape and makes it easy for materials to pass through to other organelles?
Cytoplasm
Inner mass of the cytoplasm?
Endoplasm
Outer clear layer of the cytoplasm?
Ectoplasm
Main components of the cytoplasm?
Water
Salts
Proteins
Constituents of the cytoplasm?
Cytosol
Organelles
Makes up about 70% of a cells volume?
Cytosol
Means little organs that are membrane bound with specific functions that are necessary for the survival of the cell?
Organelles
Site of protein synthesis, it is attached to the ER or is free in the cytoplasm?
Ribosomes
Proteins synthesized from free ribosomes create?
Enzymes
Proteins synthesized from attached ribosomes?
Used within the cell
Known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Mitochondria
Chemical energy of the cell that powers metabolic activities?
Mitochondria
Irregular network of branching and connecting tubules which channel proteins and lipids in and out of the nucleus?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Forms the cytoplasmic skeleton?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes?
Rough ER
Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes?
Smooth ER
Organelle which digests waste materials and food within the cells, breaking down molcules into their base components with strong digestive enzymes?
Lysosomes
Membranous structure composed of stacks of thin sacks which is the site of carbohydrate synthesis and binding of organic compounds for the cell?
Golgi complex
Serves as storage, modification, and packaging of secratory products through vesicles?
Golgi Complex
Houses the cells DNA?
Nucleus
Rounded body attached to the nuclear membrane containing much of the RNA for ribosome formation?
Nucleolus
Colloidal suspension of nuclear materials?
Nucleoplasm
Contains the genetic material in the nucleus?
Chromosomes
Dark stained linear bodies which houses the DNA?
Chromosomes
Clear region necessary for chromosome movement?
Centromere
Extensions of chromosomes in either side of the cell?
Arms
Cells that have two sets of chromosomes?
Diploid cells
Cells that have one set of chromosomes?
Haploid cells
Basic physical and functional unit of heredity?
Genes
Typical size of DNA in humans?
Roughly 2 million bases
Macromolecules that make up genes?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double helix formed by basepairs, attached to a sugary phosphate backbone?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Usually lack carbon and are structurally simple. Includes water, salts, acids and bases?
Inorganic molecules
Most important and abundant inorganic molecule?
Water
Sources of acids and bases in the body?
Metabolism
Nutrients
Two reactions of acids and bases in the body?
Metabolic conversion
Excretion
Maintains proper osmotic pressure and prevents cell death by swelling and collapsing?
Salts
Major constitutient molecule in all living organisms, based on carbon.
Organic compounds
Supply energy for cell processes, means of storing energy, give structural support to cell walls?
Carbohydrates
Enumerate the types of organic compounds found in the body?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleis acids
ATP
Store large amounts of energy over a long period of time, acts as an energy source, plays a major role in the structure of cell membranes and acts as a source of metabolic water?
Lipids
Acts as the building blocks of many structural components of the cell required for growth, forms enzymes which catalyse chemical reactions and forms hormones that control growth and metabolism?
Proteins
Acts as a catalyst for chemical reactions?
Enzymes
Acts as a growth and metabolism regulator?
Hormones
Important for protein synthesis as RNA and in heredity as DNA?
Nucleic acids
Enumerate the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotide
Pentose Sugar
Nitrogenous Base
Phosphoric Acid
Two classifications of nucleic acids?
Purines
Pyrimidines
Describes all the chemical reactions involved in maintaining life in cells and the organism?
Metabolism
Enumerate the two metabolic reactions?
Catabolism
Anabolism
Breakdown reaction to obtain energy?
Catabolism
Synthesis reaction needed to create compounds in a cell?
Anabolism
Division in somatic cels producing two daughter cells with the same quantity and quality of chromosomes as the parent cell?
Mitosis
Enumerate the six stages of mitosis?
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Resting or non mitotic portion of the cell comprised of the G1, S, and G2 stages?
Interphase
Phase in interphase where proteins are replicated?
Synthesis
First stage of mitosis where chromosomes begin to condense and become visible, centrioles form and move towards opposite ends of the cell?
Prophase
Nuclear membrane dissolves, mitotic spindles form attaching to each sister chromatid?
Prophase
Centrioles complete their migration to the poles and line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
Spindles attached to the kinetechores begin to shordel pulling the chromatid to opposite poles, ensuring that identical sets of chromosomes are present?
Anaphase
Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope forms, and cytokinesis happens?
Telophase
Sex cell division, producing four grand daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes as parent cells?
Meiosis
Alternative name for meiosis?
Reduction division
Enumearate the 4 types of lipids?
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Simplest lipid used in synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids?
Fatty acids
Consists of single glycerol molecules and three fatty acid molecules, used for protection, insulation, and storage?
Triglycerides
Major lipid component of cell membranes?
Phospholipids
Consists of 4 rings of carbon?
Steroids
Enumerate the types of proteins?
Structural
Regulatory
Contractile
Immunological
Transport
Catalytic
Type of protein which provides the structural framework?
Structural protein
Type of protein which provides hormones?
Regulatory proteins
Type of protein which produces movement?
Contractile Proteins
Type of proteins which protect the body against infection?
Immunological Proteins
Type of proteins which carry vital substances?
Transport Proteins
Type of proteins which speed up chemical reactions?
Catalytic Proteins
