Cell Respiration (SL) Flashcards
C1.2.1 ATP as the molecule that distributes energy within cells Include the full name of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and that it is a nucleotide. Students should appreciate the properties of ATP that make it suitable for use as the energy currency within cells. C1.2.2 Life processes within cells that ATP supplies with energy Include active transport across membranes, synthesis of macromolecules (anabolism), movement of the whole cell or cell components such as chromosomes. C1.2.3 Energy trans
What is the full name for ATP? (C1.2.1)
Adenosine Triphosphate
What are the parts of an ATP molecule? (C1.2.1)
Adenine, Ribose, 3 phosphate groups
What type of molecule is ATP? (C1.2.1)
Nucleotide
Why is ATP suitable for energy currency within cells? (3) (C1.2.1)
-It steadily/gradually releases in small quantities via hydrolysis of ATP into ADP
-Highly reactive
-Can easily move into cells via facilitated diffusion bc of how small it is
-Difficult to move through the cell membrane, keeping it under control
What life processes within a cell does ATP supply with energy? (3) (C1.2.2)
- Synthesizing macromolecules (e.g. synthesis of DNA replication, RNA in transcription, anabolic reactions)
- Active Transport: pumping ions/particles across the membrane against the concentration gradient or endocytosis
- Movement (e.g. muscle contractions, centriole + spindle fibers during meiosis + mitosis, chromosomes moved to poles during mitosis)
What is released during the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate and why is the process significant for cellular activities? (C1.2.3)
Energy; it’s important because it provides energy needed to carry out these cellular functions
What happens during the hydrolysis of ATP and how is one phosphate removed group? (C1.2.3)
During the hydrolysis of ATP, ATP is split into ADP by removing one phosphate group using WATER, which releases energy stored in the covalent bond
What is the difference between ATP and ADP? (C1.2.3)
ATP has three phosphate groups, while ADP has 2
ATP is a primary energy source, while ADP is an energy intermediate (substance formed during a middle step of a chemical reaction between reactants and products)
think of ATP as a fully charged battery and ADP as partially charged
What are phosphorylated intermediates? (C1.2.3)
Molecules with additional phosphate groups covalently bound to them
How do phosphorylated intermediates form? (C1.2.3)
ATP reacting with metabolites using enzymes
What are the principal substrates for cell respiration? (C1.2.4)
Glucose and Fatty acids
Any organic compound can be used, however, these are the primary ones
What is the equation for cell respiration? (C1.2.4)
simple and chemical equation
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Define Cell Respiration (C1.2.4)
2 possible definitions
- oxidization of carbon compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) to release energy that is converted into ATP
- controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
Where does cell respiration occur in the cell? (C1.2.4)
Mitochondria
What is the difference between breathing and cellular respiration? (C1.2.4)
Breathing is the intake of oxygen to the lungs and release of carbon dioixde to enable gas exhcange while cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
What is anaerobic respiration? (C1.2.5)
Without oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and pyruvate (intermediate product) gets converted into lactic acid
* in humans/animals/some bacteria = lactic acid
* in yeast/some bacteria = ethanol and carbon dioxide
What is aerobic respiration? (C1.2.5)
When oxygen is availible, aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria and pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and water
What is the relative yield of ATP in anaerobic respiration? (C1.2.5)
2 ATP molecules
What is the relative yield of ATP in aerobic respiration? (C1.2.5)
> 30 ATP molecules or 36-38 ATP molecules
What is the purpose of anerobic respiration? (C1.2.5)
provide short, quick bursts of energy when there is limited oxygen avaliable or is energy is rapidly needed
What is the purpose of aerobic respiration? (C1.2.5)
provide large amounts of energy for a long period of time
