Cell Respiration (3.7 & 8.1) Flashcards
3.7.1 Define cell respiration.
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP.
3.7.2 In cell respiration, what is broken down where and by what process, and what comes of it?
In cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate with a small yield of ATP.
3.7.3 Explain that during anaerobic cell respiration, what is converted where, and what comes of it?
In anaerobic cell respiration the pyruvate stays in the cytoplasm and in humans is converted into lactate which is the removed from the cell. In yeast the pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and ethanol. In either case, no ATP is produced.
Explain that during anaerobic cell respiration, what is broken down where and what comes of it?
If oxygen is available, the pyruvate is taken up into the mitochondria and is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. A large amount of ATP is released during this process.
8.1.1 Explain oxidation.
Oxidation involves the loss of electrons. Oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen. OIL RIG
8.1.1 Explain reduction.
Reduction involves the gain of electrons. Reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen. OIL RIG
8.1.2 Outline glycolysis. (Step 1)
Glucose is phosphorylated. Two phosphate groups are added to glucose to form hexose biphosphate. These two phosphate groups are provided by two molecules of ATP.
8.1.2 Outline glycolysis. (Step 2)
Lysis (disintegration) of hexose biphosphate. Hexose biphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate.
8.1.2 Outline glycolysis. (Step 3)
Each triose phosphate molecules is oxidised. Two atoms of hydrogen are removed from each molecule. The energy released by the oxidation is used to add another phosphate group to each molecule. This will result in two 3-carbon compounds, each carrying two phosphate groups. NAD+ is the hydrogen carrier that accepts the hydrogen atoms lost from each triose phosphate molecule.
8.1.2 Outline glycolysis. (Step 4)
Two pyruvate molecules are formed by removing two phosphate groups from each molecule. These phosphate groups are given to ADP molecules and form ATP.
8.1.2 How many ATP molecules are used in glycolysis, how many are produced, and what is the net yield of ATP?
Two ATP molecules are used and 4 ATP molecules are produced. Therefore there is a net yield of two ATP molecules.
8.1.2 What happens to NAD+?
Two NAD+ are converted into NADH + H+
8.1.2 Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
8.1.2 Draw a diagram of glycolysis.
8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs.
