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Biology 120 > Cell respiration > Flashcards

Cell respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are net products of the citric acid cycle

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 2 CO2

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2
Q

The co2 released during pyruvate oxidation

A

and the citric acid cycle are basically the “little pieces” of glucose that have had all of the energy extracted from them.

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3
Q

FADH

A

Is and electron shuttle that has the same function as NAD+

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

all of the various chemical reactions that take place within a cell

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5
Q

Organisms must

A

convert the energy that they obtain from the surrounding environment into a form that is useable and suitable for tiny cells.

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6
Q

what is the usable and suitable form of energy that powers the cells of your body, allowing them to carry out energy demanding functions?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecule that powers all of the cells in your body.

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7
Q

ATP releases

A

a convenient amount of chemical energy for the activities of a tiny cell.

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8
Q

Chemical energy potential that is

A

associated with the covalent bonds within biomolecules

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9
Q

individual cells first need..

A

Access to small food biomolecules (like glucose) these molecules are the reactants for cellular respiration

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10
Q

Small biomolecules (like glucose) enter individual cells…

A

via facilitated diffusion and are the reactants for cellular respiration

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11
Q

Oxygen enters individual cells

A

via simple diffusion and is a reactant for cellular respiration

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12
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

have a net release of energy and yield products that are most stable than the reactants

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13
Q

Cellular respiration is what type of process

A

exergonic metabolic process

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14
Q

Summary of cellular respiration

A

electrons are transferred from glucose to oxygen

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15
Q

What is lost as heat

A

most 66% of the original chemical energy of glucose

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16
Q

The heat is used to

A

maintain the warm constant internal body temperature

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17
Q

What is the net product of pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 molecules of acetyl, 2 NADH, 2 co2

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18
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

the breakdown of glucose to co2 is completed and all the remaining chemical energy is extracted. it is located In the matirx.

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19
Q

What are heterotrophs

A

Individuals that consume biomolecules to gain energy

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20
Q

What is chemical energy

A

consumption of biomolecules

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21
Q

What is electromagnetic radiation

A

Absorption of sunlight

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22
Q

draw atp

A

adenosine—phosphate-phosphate-phosphate

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23
Q

Carbohydrates and fats

A

Contain the highest amounts of chemical energy

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24
Q

heterotrophs and autotrophs

A

both breakdown their food to generate ATP

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25
How is atp used to power the activities of a cell?
ATP is broken down by a hydrolysis reaction to release energy
26
ATP hydrolysis does what
the third (terminal) phosphate group us removed from atp
27
what are the results of the third phosphate group being removed from ATP?
The result products are ADP a phosphate group (Pi) and energy.
28
How can one track where the released energy of ATP gets delivered to?
Phosphorylation-the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another molecule
29
The phosphate of ATP is first removed via
hydrolysis and then usually subsequently transferred to another molecule
30
Wherever that phosphate group ends up
is where the energy gets delivered to
31
Chemical (enzymatic) digestion
An assortment of enzymes break down large biomolecules-polymers and fats.
32
Polysaccharides, proteins, fats are broken down into
Monosaccharides, fatty acids-glycerol, amino acids.
33
Step 3 absorption
Monosaccharides, fatty acids-glycerol, amino acids get absorbed through the epithelial cells that line the small intestine
34
Step 4a circulatory system transport of gases
Small biomolecules get released into the circulatory system. small biomolecules get filtered and processed by the liver. Heart then pumps these small biomolecules to the energy-demanding tissues of the body.
35
Step 4b circulatory system transport of gases
Respiration (breathing) refers to exchange of gases
36
Step 5 cellular respiration
the chemical energy of biomolecules such as glucose is released and subsequently stored within molecules of ATP
37
Step 6 ATP hydrolysis
This powers an energy-demanding activity like movement
38
Summary equation of cellular respiration
C6 H12 O6+ 6o2 + 6 CO2+ 6 H2O+ATP+heat
39
What type of species do cellular respiration?
All eukaryotic organisms, animals, plants, some fungi, some protist
40
Where does cellular respiration occur within a eukaryotic cell?
it takes place in the cytoplasm and within the mitochondria
41
where do cells get the energy to generate ATP?
From the breakdown and release of energy from small biomolecules (primarily glucose and fatty acids) via cellular respiration.
42
what occurs during movement and active transport?
the shape of a protein changes when it has been phosphorylated
43
oxygen is transported
by hemoglobin(a protein) within red cells to the various energy-demanding tissues of the body
44
Carbon dioxide
is a waste product that moves in the opposite of oxygen and gets expelled through the lungs to the atmosphere
45
Metabolic pathway
occurs inside almost eukaryotic cells
46
is cellular respiration an aerobic or anaerobic process?
aerobic, meaning that oxygen must be present
47
5 stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis pyruvate oxidation citric acid cycle electron transport chain chemiosmosis
48
Electrons are not transferred directly to oxygen
Electrons are first transferred from glucose to a molecule called NAD+
49
NAD+ is
A molecule that acts a transport shuttle in cellular respiration
50
steep electrochemical gradient energy
Potential energy associated with a solute separated by a memebrane
51
What are the stages involved in cellular respiration
the first 3 steps involve removing a pair of electrons from glucose
52
NAD+ removes
electrons from glucose and this event happens many times during the first stages
53
what is oxidized form
NAD+ is not carrying a pair of electrons
54
What does it mean to be in its reduced form
NAD+ is carrying a pair of electrons
55
How is glucose broken down?
via a series of redox reactions during cellular respiration
56
Oxidation is when
a molecule loses a pair of electrons
57
Reduction is when
a molecule gains a pair of electrons
58
What is the primary goal of cellular respiration
to release the energy from small food biomolecules to generate ATP
59
The net products of glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate location occurs in the cytoplasm
60
Mitochondrial structure
Matrix inter membrane cristae inter membrane stage outer membrane
61
Pyruvate oxidation location
matrix of the mitochondria and each pyruvate is oxidized
62
Glycolysis
translates to the split of sugar- which means that glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate
63
during the first half of glycolysis
the cell has to expand two molecules of ATP
64
over the course of cellular respiration
electrons are removed from glucose and glucose eventually gets completely oxidized into several molecules of co2
65
what is the primary goal of fermentation?
to generate ATP
66
Is fermentation the same as cellular respiration
it is not as effective as cellular respiration and it only generates 2 ATP per glucose
67
What types of organisms do Fermentation
Fermentation is the primary metabolic pathway of many single celled organisms (bacteria, yeasts and other fungi)
68
in what way is fermentation different than cellular respiration?
Fermentation is an anaerobic metabolic pathway that generates ATP in the absence of oxygen
69
Fermentation consists of
Glycolysis alone; all subsequent stages of cellular respiration shut down
70
Where does it occur?
solely in cytoplasm
71
What is the main step of fermentation
Glycolysis is the first step and results in 2 ATP, 2NADH, and 2 pyruvate per glucose metabolized
72
the NADH molecules generated by glycolysis
transfer their electrons to pyruvate so that future rounds of glycolysis can continue
73
Lactic acid fermentation
Glycolysis + pyruvate is reduced into lactic acid by NADH
74
Alcoholic fermentation
Glycolysis + carbon dioxide is first released from pyruvate and then it is reduced into ethanol by NADH
75
Saccharomyces cervisiae
is used in brewing beer, winemaking and baking bread
76
Lactic acid and ethanol are
waste products that only care about creating ATP
77
Fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids
are funneled into the various stages of cellular respiration to generate ATP

Biology 120 (1 decks)

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