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Biology 120 > Cell respiration > Flashcards

Cell respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are net products of the citric acid cycle

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 2 CO2

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2
Q

The co2 released during pyruvate oxidation

A

and the citric acid cycle are basically the “little pieces” of glucose that have had all of the energy extracted from them.

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3
Q

FADH

A

Is and electron shuttle that has the same function as NAD+

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

all of the various chemical reactions that take place within a cell

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5
Q

Organisms must

A

convert the energy that they obtain from the surrounding environment into a form that is useable and suitable for tiny cells.

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6
Q

what is the usable and suitable form of energy that powers the cells of your body, allowing them to carry out energy demanding functions?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecule that powers all of the cells in your body.

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7
Q

ATP releases

A

a convenient amount of chemical energy for the activities of a tiny cell.

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8
Q

Chemical energy potential that is

A

associated with the covalent bonds within biomolecules

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9
Q

individual cells first need..

A

Access to small food biomolecules (like glucose) these molecules are the reactants for cellular respiration

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10
Q

Small biomolecules (like glucose) enter individual cells…

A

via facilitated diffusion and are the reactants for cellular respiration

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11
Q

Oxygen enters individual cells

A

via simple diffusion and is a reactant for cellular respiration

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12
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

have a net release of energy and yield products that are most stable than the reactants

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13
Q

Cellular respiration is what type of process

A

exergonic metabolic process

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14
Q

Summary of cellular respiration

A

electrons are transferred from glucose to oxygen

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15
Q

What is lost as heat

A

most 66% of the original chemical energy of glucose

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16
Q

The heat is used to

A

maintain the warm constant internal body temperature

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17
Q

What is the net product of pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 molecules of acetyl, 2 NADH, 2 co2

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18
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

the breakdown of glucose to co2 is completed and all the remaining chemical energy is extracted. it is located In the matirx.

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19
Q

What are heterotrophs

A

Individuals that consume biomolecules to gain energy

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20
Q

What is chemical energy

A

consumption of biomolecules

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21
Q

What is electromagnetic radiation

A

Absorption of sunlight

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22
Q

draw atp

A

adenosine—phosphate-phosphate-phosphate

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23
Q

Carbohydrates and fats

A

Contain the highest amounts of chemical energy

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24
Q

heterotrophs and autotrophs

A

both breakdown their food to generate ATP

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25
Q

How is atp used to power the activities of a cell?

A

ATP is broken down by a hydrolysis reaction to release energy

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26
Q

ATP hydrolysis does what

A

the third (terminal) phosphate group us removed from atp

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27
Q

what are the results of the third phosphate group being removed from ATP?

A

The result products are ADP a phosphate group (Pi) and energy.

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28
Q

How can one track where the released energy of ATP gets delivered to?

A

Phosphorylation-the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another molecule

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29
Q

The phosphate of ATP is first removed via

A

hydrolysis and then usually subsequently transferred to another molecule

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30
Q

Wherever that phosphate group ends up

A

is where the energy gets delivered to

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31
Q

Chemical (enzymatic) digestion

A

An assortment of enzymes break down large biomolecules-polymers and fats.

32
Q

Polysaccharides, proteins, fats are broken down into

A

Monosaccharides, fatty acids-glycerol, amino acids.

33
Q

Step 3 absorption

A

Monosaccharides, fatty acids-glycerol, amino acids get absorbed through the epithelial cells that line the small intestine

34
Q

Step 4a circulatory system transport of gases

A

Small biomolecules get released into the circulatory system.
small biomolecules get filtered and processed by the liver.
Heart then pumps these small biomolecules to the energy-demanding tissues of the body.

35
Q

Step 4b circulatory system transport of gases

A

Respiration (breathing) refers to exchange of gases

36
Q

Step 5 cellular respiration

A

the chemical energy of biomolecules such as glucose is released and subsequently stored within molecules of ATP

37
Q

Step 6 ATP hydrolysis

A

This powers an energy-demanding activity like movement

38
Q

Summary equation of cellular respiration

A

C6 H12 O6+ 6o2 + 6 CO2+ 6 H2O+ATP+heat

39
Q

What type of species do cellular respiration?

A

All eukaryotic organisms, animals, plants, some fungi, some protist

40
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur within a eukaryotic cell?

A

it takes place in the cytoplasm and within the mitochondria

41
Q

where do cells get the energy to generate ATP?

A

From the breakdown and release of energy from small biomolecules (primarily glucose and fatty acids) via cellular respiration.

42
Q

what occurs during movement and active transport?

A

the shape of a protein changes when it has been phosphorylated

43
Q

oxygen is transported

A

by hemoglobin(a protein) within red cells to the various energy-demanding tissues of the body

44
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

is a waste product that moves in the opposite of oxygen and gets expelled through the lungs to the atmosphere

45
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

occurs inside almost eukaryotic cells

46
Q

is cellular respiration an aerobic or anaerobic process?

A

aerobic, meaning that oxygen must be present

47
Q

5 stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain
chemiosmosis

48
Q

Electrons are not transferred directly to oxygen

A

Electrons are first transferred from glucose to a molecule called NAD+

49
Q

NAD+ is

A

A molecule that acts a transport shuttle in cellular respiration

50
Q

steep electrochemical gradient energy

A

Potential energy associated with a solute separated by a memebrane

51
Q

What are the stages involved in cellular respiration

A

the first 3 steps involve removing a pair of electrons from glucose

52
Q

NAD+ removes

A

electrons from glucose and this event happens many times during the first stages

53
Q

what is oxidized form

A

NAD+ is not carrying a pair of electrons

54
Q

What does it mean to be in its reduced form

A

NAD+ is carrying a pair of electrons

55
Q

How is glucose broken down?

A

via a series of redox reactions during cellular respiration

56
Q

Oxidation is when

A

a molecule loses a pair of electrons

57
Q

Reduction is when

A

a molecule gains a pair of electrons

58
Q

What is the primary goal of cellular respiration

A

to release the energy from small food biomolecules to generate ATP

59
Q

The net products of glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate
location occurs in the cytoplasm

60
Q

Mitochondrial structure

A

Matrix
inter membrane
cristae
inter membrane stage
outer membrane

61
Q

Pyruvate oxidation location

A

matrix of the mitochondria and each pyruvate is oxidized

62
Q

Glycolysis

A

translates to the split of sugar- which means that glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate

63
Q

during the first half of glycolysis

A

the cell has to expand two molecules of ATP

64
Q

over the course of cellular respiration

A

electrons are removed from glucose and glucose eventually gets completely oxidized into several molecules of co2

65
Q

what is the primary goal of fermentation?

A

to generate ATP

66
Q

Is fermentation the same as cellular respiration

A

it is not as effective as cellular respiration and it only generates 2 ATP per glucose

67
Q

What types of organisms do Fermentation

A

Fermentation is the primary metabolic pathway of many single celled organisms (bacteria, yeasts and other fungi)

68
Q

in what way is fermentation different than cellular respiration?

A

Fermentation is an anaerobic metabolic pathway that generates ATP in the absence of oxygen

69
Q

Fermentation consists of

A

Glycolysis alone; all subsequent stages of cellular respiration shut down

70
Q

Where does it occur?

A

solely in cytoplasm

71
Q

What is the main step of fermentation

A

Glycolysis is the first step and results in 2 ATP, 2NADH, and 2 pyruvate per glucose metabolized

72
Q

the NADH molecules generated by glycolysis

A

transfer their electrons to pyruvate so that future rounds of glycolysis can continue

73
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Glycolysis + pyruvate is reduced into lactic acid by NADH

74
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Glycolysis + carbon dioxide is first released from pyruvate and then it is reduced into ethanol by NADH

75
Q

Saccharomyces cervisiae

A

is used in brewing beer, winemaking and baking bread

76
Q

Lactic acid and ethanol are

A

waste products that only care about creating ATP

77
Q

Fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids

A

are funneled into the various stages of cellular respiration to generate ATP

Biology 120 (1 decks)

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