cell reprogramming Flashcards
what are some examples of regeneration occurring?
planaria: have stem cells that can regenerate entire body
salamanders (and more): can regenerate limbs
Why can embryonic stem cells be altered easier?
adult stem cells are stuck in specialized state but embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can be altered back into a blastocyst.
what do embryonic stem cells contain that make them different?
ES cells have lots of telomerase (avoid senescence) and are maintained by master gene regulator proteins like Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc (called OSKM factors)
how to create iPS cells?
induced pluripotent cells can be created by reprogramming with OSKM factors being expressed. iPS cells will continually divide and will form a chimeric animal if incorporated in blastocyst just like ES cells
what can iPS be used for?
artificially generated tissue for repair (all tissues)
iPS comes from patient so no issues of rejection
large cultures can be made to investigate diseases and drugs
what is transdifferentiation?
cells go from one specialized type to another without going back to iPS in between.
